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a2 --- Installation of a Red Hat or one of its derived ditributions

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Chapter 751.   Installation of a Red Hat or one of its derived ditributions

(1)

The GNU/Linux Red Hat distribution comes with a very detailed manual on the installation procedure, which presents all features of this operation. In this chapter we vant to present an overview of the procedure, by keeping in mind that things may be different from one version to another and from one derived distribution to another.

There are distribution which 'spin off' from Red Hat because they use the RPM, Red Hat package manager format, for the archives of their packages, but do not share the same installation procedure. Here we refer instead to those distributions that re-use in some way the organisation of the Red Hat distribution.

Generally, we refer to a computer which has an ATAPI (IDE) CD-ROM reader, that can be used for the installation from CD.

751.1   Organisation

When the distribution is directly derived from Red Hat you should prepare one or two diskettes to start the system before installing GNU/Linux on the hard disk. The diskettes are prepared from the image-file.

You should start with the boot.img image file, normally stored in the images/ directory. When you install from a copy of a distribution on CD-ROM and when an ATAPI (IDE) reader is available, no other diskettes are needed.

The installation program of the distributions derived from the Red Hat use a kind of graphical interface based on a matrix of characters. In this way, the program displays information and prompts by using items, typically found in graphical environments, that must be handled by the user with the keyboard. At the same time, there are many virtual consoles, organised to simplify the work of the person performing the installation.

With this program, generally there is a cursor or an emphasised zone, which represents an active option or simply the current position for the keyboard commands. You can use the following commands for the navigation and the selection:

  • the arrow keys move the cursor in the direction of the arrow;

  • the [Tab] key and the combination [Alt Tab] allow to move from one element top another (forwards or backwards);

  • to select a graphical button, you should position the cursor on the same button and then press the [space bar], or [Enter] key;

  • to select an item from a list, you should position the cursor on the item and eventually press the [Enter] key;

  • to select or deselect a check box, you should position the cursor above it and press the [space bar].

At any point in the installation procedure it is possible to abort one of the selections, by backtracking. This option is normally associated with the selection of the graphical buttons <Cancel> or <Previous>.

The installation is done by automatically using the first virtual console and, if everything is normal, usually there is no need to use other consoles. However, when something unexpected happens, especially when one wants to make an installation outside the normal rules, the information on what's happening can be a great help. The table below lists the use of the virtual consoles by the installation system of the Red Hat distribution.

Table 751.1. Virtual consoles used by the installation system.

Console Keys combinations Description
1 [Alt F1] Interaction with the graphical installation program.
2 [Alt F2] An emergency shell.
3 [Alt F3] Diagnostic messages of the installation program.
4 [Alt F4] System diagnostic messages.
5 [Alt F5] Other types of diagnostic messages.

It is worthwhile to mention that the second virtual console, which makes an emergency shell available, could not be available immediately.

The kernel used in the installation diskettes of the distribution is modular. Consequently , you might have difficulties when you use special (uncommon) hardware. In these instances, during the installation phase, you should enter the characteristics of this hardware, if the system cannot recognise them automatically. Actually, there are modules for the kernel which are activated only when there is such a need. The module activation can create some problems with devices which are not recognised automatically. In this instance you should provide some data by using parameters.

The initial phase of the installation is the more delicate one: it must reach the files of the distribution to be installed. The shell of the second virtual console becomes available only after this step has been completed.

751.2   First installation phase

As already mentioned at the beginning of the chapter, we present an installation done in the simplest possible situation: an i386 computer with an ATA (IDE) hard disk and an ATAPI CD-ROM reader. We exclude the possibilities to start the installation from the Dos operating system or by booting from the same ATAPI CD-ROM (even if these are possible alternatives); moreover we do not examine the problem of PCMCIA interfaces.

Picture 751.2. The start of the installation.

                                    Welcome!
             
o To install or upgrade a system, press the <ENTER> key.
  
o To enable the expert mode, type expert <ENTER>. Press <F3> for
  more information about expert mode.

o This disk can no longer be used as a rescue disk. Press <F4> for
  information on the new rescue disk.
  
o Use the function key listed below for help with all topics.

[F1-Main] [F2-General] [F3-Expert] [F4-Rescue] [F5-Kickstart] [F6-Kernel]
boot:

The system can be started by using a boot diskette (produced from the file images/boot.img). There are various possibilities for the installation and you can read some help files by pressing the keys [F1], [F2], etc. In a normal situation it is sufficient to press [Enter] to start.

751.2.1   Language

The first request made by the system is a decision about the language selected for the installation program. It has nothing to do with the final result of the installation. We present below an installation in English.

The language is selected by moving the cursor on the list, by using the arrow keys. Once the name of the selected language has been enphasised, you can confirm it by pressing the [space bar] or [Enter].

Picture 751.3. The choice of the language during the installation.

.--------| Choose a Language |---------.
|                                      |
| What language should be used during  |
| the installation process?            |
|                                      |
|        English                       |
|        Czech                         |
|        Danish                        |
|        Finnish                       |
|        French                        |
|        German                        |
|        Italian                       |
|        Norwegian                     |
|                                      |
|               .----.                 |
|               | Ok |                 |
|               `----'                 |
|                                      |
`--------------------------------------'

751.2.2   Keyboard map

It is important to have a correctly configured keyboard during the installation. Therefore its selection is requested immediately. You can use the arrow keys to move the cursor over the list of keyboards; by doing this you can single out the correct one for your computer. Once it has been emphasised, you can just press the [Enter], on the graphical button <Ok>.

Picture 751.4. The selection of the keyboard map.

redhat-setup-keyboard

Once the keyboard has been selected, it is configured as requested according to the selected map, and the configuration is kept also during the final installation of GNU/Linux.

751.2.3   Choice of the distribution source

As already explained, we want to demonstrate the installation from a CD-ROM copy, accessed by using an ATAPI reader. In these conditions, the installation program does not need anything else, otherwise, if you have a proprietory device, or an SCSI device, you must give additional information to the program, so that the necessary kernel modules can be loaded.

Picture 751.5. The choice of the installation source.

.----| Installation Method |----.
|                               |
| What type of media contains   |
| the packages to be installed? |
|                               |
|          Local CDROM          |
|          Hard drive           |
|                               |
|     .----.        .------.    |
|     | Ok |        | Back |    |
|     `----'        `------'    |
|                               |
`-------------------------------'

To select an installation from the local CD-ROM, the item corresponding to {Local CDROM} should be enphasised, before pressing the [Enter].

751.2.4   Installing or Updating

Once the installation source has been defined, provided that there are no problems, it is the time to specify whether you want to update an old version or make a brand new installation. Then, if you have a SCSI device, it is the time to declare it (unless the installation program has already detected it automatically).

Picture 751.6. There can be either a new GNU/Linux installation or an update of a previous version of the same distribution.

redhat-setup-upgrade

It should be mentioned that one should not expect an intelligent updating with an automatic use and change of the previous configuration. Usually the old configuration files are saved by renaming them with an extension .rpmorig, but it is up to the user to copy special changes from the old into the new configuration files.

You should also consider that the update might fail. If you really want to make an update, it is practically necessary to start with security back-ups of the system.

751.2.5   Installation classes

An help to unexperienced users and to those that are in a hurry is provided by allowing to select among different installation types. The Red Hat distribution distinguishes among: Workstation, Server and Custom. As you might guess, the Custom class allows to make a detailed definition of the GNU/Linux distribution. In the following sections we will show this more detailed installation approach; however it is important to keep in mind the other possibilities that might make the work easier.

  • Workstation

    If you choose this class, the installation program deletes all Linux partitions that are found on the disks and uses all the space that is not occupied by other partitions. The installation program decides how to organise the partitions.

  • Server

    If you choose this class, the installation program deletes all Linux partitions that are found on the disks. As in the case of the Workstation class, the installation program decides how to organise the partitions. However in this instance, the available space is usually subdivided in a larger number of partitions for efficiency reasons.

Picture 751.7. The choice of the installation 'class'.

.-----| Installation Class |-----.
|                                |
| What type of machine are you   |
| installing? For maximum        |
| flexibility, choose "Custom".  |
|                                |
|          Workstation           |
|          Server                |
|          Custom                |
|                                |
|    .----.        .------.      |
|    | Ok |        | Back |      |
|    `----'        `------'      |
|                                |
`--------------------------------'

751.2.6   Definition of the file system and of the virtual memory

The definition of the file system during an installation is a bit delicate, because it can produce a network of partitions connected in different mount points. In the following examples, we show the simplest installation for a beginner: one which uses a single partition, even if this is not the best solution for all situations.

Picture 751.8. The installation program prompts the uses to choose the preferred tool for the change of partitions.

redhat-setup-diskdruid

First of all, the installation program allows to choose between two different programs for the change of partitions: Disk Druid and fdisk. If you have enough patience to read at least once how fdisk works, this program is normally the simplest to use. After having selected it as the preferred program for the installation, the user is requested to enter the name of the disk on which he wants to work (the full disk; not just a single partition).

Picture 751.9. The installation program asks the user to choose the disk for the installation of GNU/Linux.

redhat-setup-fdisk

The picture 751.9 shows a situation in which there is a single ATA hard disk. The graphical buttons at the bottom represent the actions to execute: <Done> means that the partition change work has been terminated on all disks required by the user; <Edit> activates instead fdisk for the hard disk that has been selected in the list.

To continue, you can then select the <Edit> graphical button, by moving there the cursor with the pressure of [Tab] (as many times as needed) and finally by pressing the la [space bar], or [Enter]. This causes the start of fdisk.(2)

The pictture 751.10 refers to a disk subdivided in three primary partitions, in the same way as what is presented in the example on the use of fdisk: hda1 is dedicated to Dos; hda2 is used for the virtual memory; hda3 is the only partition dedicated to the file system for GNU/Linux.

When fdisk terminates, the request seen above is presented again. If the partition change work has not finished, you can select again the graphical button <Edit>, or can select a different disk and again select the graphical button <Edit> to change the partitions of the disk. When you have finished, you can select the graphical button <Done> and continue with the definition of the mount points of the file system.

After the preparation of partitions, you are prompted to enter the mount points, where you should first of all assign the main partition, which is mounted in the root directory. If we look to the previous exampe there are not many choices; there are only three partitions: one Dos-FAT, one for the virtual memory and one for GNU/Linux.

Picture 751.10. The installation program prompts the user to specify how to use the various partitions, especially the main one.

.-------------------------| Current Disk Partitions |--------------------------.
|   Mount Point           Device     Requested   Actual         Type           |
|   /dos                  hda1           41M       41M      DOS 16-bit >=32M   |
|                         hda2           33M       33M      Linux swap         |
|   /                     hda3          441M      441M      Linux native       |
|                                                                              |
|                                                                              |
|                                                                              |
|                                                                              |
|                                                                              |
| Drive Summaries                                                              |
|   Drive      Geom [C/H/S]     Total     Used    Free                         |
|    hda      [  1024/16/63]     528M     528M      0M     [############]      ]
|                                                                              |
|                                                                              |
|                                                                              |
|     .-----.      .------.      .--------.      .----.      .------.          |
|     | Add |      | Edit |      | Delete |      | Ok |      | Back |          |
|     `-----'      `------'      `--------'      `----'      `------'          |
|                                                                              |
`------------------------------------------------------------------------------'
    F1-Add   F2-Add NFS   F3-Edit   F4-Delete   F5-Reset   F12-Ok

The example of the previous picture shows the partitions with already established mount points. To do this in practice, you can use the graphical button <Edit> to define what refers to the partition emphasised by the scrollin bar. Notice that /dev/hda3 is the main partition, which will store the main file system, whereas /dev/hda1 is the partition containing the Dos operating system, that, after starting GNU/Linux, will be mounted in the /dos/ directory. When you have finished, you should select the graphical button <Ok>.

After the definition of the mount points the system prompts the selection of the swap partitions, i.e. those to be used for the virtual memory. The installation program shows the existing partitions and allows to activate them by using a check box which appears besides them, as you can see in the picture.

Picture 751.11. The swap partitions before the initialisation.

redhat-setup-partizione-swap

By a check box, you can explicitely request the partition check during the initialisation in order to check that no defective sectors exist.

The initialisation and the possible check of these partitions is done immediately, in order to activate the virtual memory before keeping on with the following operations. The entries made in this phase are also used in the final phase to build the /etc/fstab file.

The request to initialise the normal partitions is made immediately after the request for the partitions to be used for the virtual memory. Also in this case, it is possible to request a partition check during the initialisation, as you can see in the picture below.

Figura 751.12. The partitions to be initialised.

redhat-setup-partizione-formattare

The initialisation of these partitions (in our case just one) is not done immediately; the system waits until the user has selected the packages to be installed; eventually, once this has been done, it starts the initialisation and installation of the packages, thus leaving the user some time to look to something else.

751.2.7   Selection of application packages and start of their installation

The GNU/Linux distributions directly derived from the Red Hat allow to select the packages in a rather simple and detailed way, by package group. To obtain a basic installation you can select all package groups: only what is necessary for that group will be installed. As an alternative it is also possible to make a total installation, if you have enough room on the disk.(3)

It is relatively easy to manage the packages after the installation therefore, you shouldn't worry too much on the first few times about the choice of the packages to install. If you want to make a full installation, you can just select the last item: {Everything}. If you have already a good knowledge of GNU/Linux and of the applications that can be used with it, you can select the item {Select individual packages}, in order to define better the requests of this phase.

Figura 751.13. Selection of the packages to be installed.

redhat-setup-pacchetti-selezione

If ,during the selection of the package groups, you have requested the detailed selection of the packages to be installed, the system shows a menu of package groups, which allows to obtain a detailed list of the packages to select or deselect. Initially, the system displays a list where it proposes the categories of the packages that can be installed (it is a different and more detailed classification than the one seen in previous phase).

Figura 751.14. Selection of packages by category.

.-------------------------| Select Group |--------------------------.
|                                                                   |
| Choose a group to examine            Installed system size: 278M  |
| Press F1 for a package description                                |
|                                                                   |
|         + [o] Amusements/Games                    4.2M  #         |
|         + [o] Amusements/Graphics                 4.1M  X         |
|         + [*] Amusements/Multimedia               0.2M  X         |
|         + [o] Applications/Archiving              0.8M  X         |
|         + [o] Applications/Communications         0.6M  X         |
|         + [ ] Applications/Databases                    X         |
|         + [o] Applications/Editors                0.5M  X         |
|         + [ ] Applications/Emulators                    X         |
|                                                                   |
|             .------.                         .------.             |
|             | Done |                         | Back |             |
|             `------'                         `------'             |
|                                                                   |
`-------------------------------------------------------------------'

It is possible to select or deselect a category, enphasised by the cursor bar, by using the keys [+] or [-]. According to the choice an asterik (*) or a space is added to the selection box on the left. To be precise, the asterisk represents the selection of all the packages of that category, whereas an empty box means that no package of that category has been selected. Moreover in some cases there is a letter 'o' which means the selection of some package of that category (according to the selection by group made before).

It is possible to access the list of the packages of a given category by pressing the [space bar] and then by using the keys [+] or [-], or even the [space bar] to include or exclude a specific package.

Picture 751.15. Selection of the packages in one category.

.-------------------------| Select Group |--------------------------.
|                                                                   |
| Choose a group to examine            Installed system size: 278M  |
| Press F1 for a package description                                |
|                                                                   |
|         + [o] Amusements/Games                    4.2M  #         |
|         + [o] Amusements/Graphics                 4.1M  X         |
|         + [*] Amusements/Multimedia               0.2M  X         |
|         - [o] Applications/Archiving              0.2M  X         |
|             [ ] dump                                    X         |
|             [ ] lha                                     X         |
|             [*] sharutils                         0.2M  X         |
|             [ ] unarj                                   X         |
|                                                                   |
|             .------.                         .------.             |
|             | Done |                         | Back |             |
|             `------'                         `------'             |
|                                                                   |
`-------------------------------------------------------------------'

Finally, in this phase it is possible to make more detailed selections of what has already been chosen, by selecting groups of packages. Naturally, by so doing, there is the risk not to satisfy all the dependencies that might exist among packages. If this happens, the installation program reports this situation and asks the user if he wants to install also the packages required to satisfy the dependencies.

After the selection of the packages to install, the system moves on to the installation phase when these packages are installed in the file system organised as described above. Before doing that, the partitions that had been defined are actually initialised. The installation of the packages is an automatic process that does not require any user intervention, with the exception of situations when errors have been detected.

751.3   Final configuration

After the installation of the packages there is the phase of the final configuration, the last definitions not yet defined must be entered. Almost everything is configured by using programs that are also available under GNU/Linux, so that the choices can be changed easily.

Especially, the network configuration could have been already defined at the start of the installation, if you have used a copy of the distribution accessible through the network. If necessary you can change what was entered before.

751.3.1   Mouse

The mouse configuration can be repeated also after the installation of GNU/Linux, by using the program mouseconfig. Initially the program scans the ports where the mouse could be connected. If a mouse is found, the program requests a confirmation of the protocol choice (i.e. of the mouse type).

Figura 751.16. Type of mouse selection.

redhat-setup-mouse

The Red Hat distribution uses this definition for the mouse management both with the programs that use a character matrix screen, and for the configuration of the X graphical system, when this is done by using the tools of the same distribution. The above statement is not obvious, because they are two independent things.

With the X graphical system it is important to have a three keys mouse. If the mouse has only two, the third should be emulated in some way. The picture presents a selection box with the label Emulate 3 buttons?. The emulation is activated if one selects that box.

If you choose a serial mouse, eventually the program requests to enter the port to which it is connected. This is an intuitive operation.

751.3.2   Network configuration

It is now possible to configure the network interface. If the installation has been done by using the network, this configuration has already been done and does not need any change. In any case, if the computer where GNU/Linux is installed is connected to the network, it is a good idea to define the interface in this phase (provided that you know how to do it). Eventually only graphical tools that require the X graphical system can be used.

751.3.3   Clock and local time

The configuration of the local time actually requires the entry of the local capital (e.g.{Europe/Rome}). It is advisable to have the computer internal clock positioned on the reference time of the universal time(originally coded as GMT, or Greenwich mean time). The configuration of the local time can be changed at any time by using the program timeconfig.

Picture 751.17. Choice of the local time according to the time zone

redhat-setup-timezone

751.3.4   Services

The configuration of the services to start at system start-up can be repeated also after the installation of GNU/Linux, by using the program ntsysv. If you want to activate a service, you can just check the corresponding check box; the other way round if you want to exclude a service.

Picture 751.18. Selection of the services to start automatically during the system initialisation procedure.

redhat-setup-ntsysv

751.3.5   Printing

The printer configuration is a rather involved operation, depending on whether you use a local or remote printer. The program used during the configuration is no more available after the installation. Later it is possible either to use a program that requires the X graphical system, or to edit directly the configuration files. You will find below only an example of a local printer configuration.

Picture 751.19. After having requested the installation of a printer, the user is prompted to enter the printer queue: its name and path.

redhat-setup-lpr-spool

After having requested the installation of a printer (in this instance a local printer), the configuration program proposes the name of a printer queue and its location in the file system. The example presented in the picture shows the queue lp, which is traditionally the predefined name for the main printer queue.

The user is then requested to enter the parallel port to which the printer is connected. The same program attempts to find it and propose it to the user. It is important to remember that the assignement of names to the devices depends on many factors, therefore it is very useful to use the program help to find the existing ports.

Picture 751.20. The parallel port connected to the printer is found with the help of the configurazion program, which chooses the corresponding device file.

.-----------| Local Printer Device |------------.
|                                               |
| What device is your printer connected to      |
| (note that /dev/lp0 is equivalent to LPT1:)?  |
|                                               |
|         Printer Device: /dev/lp0______        |
|                                               |
|   Auto-detected ports:                        |
|                                               |
|     /dev/lp0: Detected                        |
|     /dev/lp1: Not Detected                    |
|     /dev/lp2: Not Detected                    |
|                                               |
|         .----.              .------.          |
|         | Ok |              | Back |          |
|         `----'              `------'          |
|                                               |
`-----------------------------------------------'

Some type of printer emulation must be associated to the printer queue (not to the parallel port). The example shows the choice of a PostScript printer. It is actually probable that another type is needed.

Picture 751.21. Choice of the printer emulation.

redhat-setup-lpr-emulazione

Eventually the user is requested to enter the printer resolution, the normal paper format and the possible stepping correction. If you don't know what the stepping is, you should select the corresponding check box (labelled {stair-stepping}).

Picture 751.22. Printer configuration, according to the chosen emulation type.

redhat-setup-lpr-impostazioni

751.3.6   Password of the root user

Before terminating the installation, the user is requested to define the password of the root user. This allows the minimum security, to avoid that the installed system is attacked. The definition of the other users can be done after the installation.

The picture shows this request made by the installation program. According to the usual practice, for security, the user is requested to enter the password twice.

Picture 751.23. Definition of the password of the root user.

redhat-setup-password

751.3.7   Configuration of the authentication system

After the definition of the password of the root user, the program requires to specify some general elements of the authentication system. To be precise it requests to specify whether NIS is used, whether the shadow password is used, whether the passwords are crypted according to the MD5 signature.

The unexperienced user, who has no need to protect his/her system in a special mode, can avoid to use (initially) these functions. As to the NIS, it is clear that one needs a local network already configured with this system, in order to use it.

751.3.8   Emergency boot diskette and LILO

The last important thing to define, before finally closing the installation process subject, is the way in which the system should be started. Actually, the user is asked to prepare an emergency boot diskette and to configure LILO to start the system automatically.

The creation of an emergency boot disk is pretty important and should not be omitted, especially on the first few times. In addition, it is useful to remember that the configuration of LILO, by using the installation program, is rather limited and therefore the boot diskette is always useful to start correctly.

When it is the time to configure LILO, the user is only requested to choose whether he wants to install the start sector in the MBR, i.e. the first sector of the hard disk, or in the first sector of the partition where GNU/Linux is stored. Unfortunately there are situations when these possibilities are not enough for what one might want to do, therefore it is better to use the boot diskette to start the system and then configure LILO as one prefers.

Picture 751.24. Specification of the sector used to install LILO.

redhat-setup-lilo-boot

In the simplest situation, the user can just allow LILO to modify the MBR, in order to transfer there the control at start up of the GNU/Linux and of the other possible operating systems. If this is not possible for some reason, it can be installed in the first sector of the partition that contains GNU/Linux the start of this sector must eventually be performed by to a program (called bootloader).

LILO, as well as the other systems used to start up GNU/Linux, allow to enter some parameters for the kernel that might be necessary when one uses unusual devices that are not configured automatically, or in other similar situations. In order to know how to format these parameters, you should know this feature . The average user should not worry about this line and could leave the form as it appears in the picure below.

Figura 751.25. Optional entry of start parameters for the kernel.

redhat-setup-lilo-parametri

LILO is the start up system of GNU/Linux it is described in a more detailed way in the chapter ##en-capitolo-boot##.

751.3.9   XFree86

If the graphical system X has been installed, to be precise the XFree86, the user is requested to define its configuration by using the Xconfigurator program, which can also be used after the installation to change the configuration.

The configuration program performs a diagnostic scan to find a graphical adapter. If you use a PCI card it is almost surely identified. If the search is not successful, the user is requested to choose an adapter type, or directly a graphical server. Eventually the program requests data about the screen monitor.

Figura 751.26. Choice of the monitor.

redhat-setup-xf86-monitor

Finding one's model among those proposed in the list is not very probable, therefore it is often necessary to choose the {Custom} option. You should then enter the horizontal and vertical scan frequency. It is important that the selected values are not higher than the limits established by the monitor's vendor.

Figura 751.27. Choice of the horizontal frequency.

redhat-setup-xf86-monitor-h

Choice of the vertical frequency.

redhat-setup-xf86-monitor-v

According to the available graphical adapter the user might be requested to select the so called RAMDAC. If this is requested but you are not sure on what to enter, you should not specify this value.

One tricky point is represented by the clockchip. If you don't know what it is, you should leave it blank, as you can see from the picture.

Picture 751.29. Choice of the clockchip.

redhat-setup-xf86-vcard-clckc

Later on you are requested to select the memory size of the graphical adapter. It is important not to enter more than what is actually available.

Specification of the available video memory.

redhat-setup-xf86-vcard-mem

Finally, you should select the video modes, i.e. the screen size expressed in dots. To avoid useless complications, it is advisable to select a single resolution for all types of colour depths. The picture shows an example where the user has selected only a resolution of 800×600, both for the 8 bit, and for the 16 bit colour depth, whereas the 24 bit has been excluded.

Picture 751.31. Specification of the video modes

redhat-setup-xf86-video-mode

Finally, the selected graphical server is started, by using the entered configuration, to allow the user to check whether it works correctly. The system presents a dialogue window in graphical mode to ask the confirmation. If the answer is positive, it then asks if the graphical mode should be entered immediately after the operating system start-up. According to the writer's opinion it would be preferable to avoid this type of solution and to leave up to the user the decision on starting the graphical system.

751.4   Conclusion

After configuring LILO and the graphical system, the system is stopped and restarted. It is necessary to extract the diskette used for the installation and check whether GNU/Linux boots correctly.

When users install a new version of a distribution, there are some notes about the problems fixed in some packages. Both on the CD-ROM, and on the FTP, there is a directory updates/ which contains the updates of a specific version of the Red Hat distribution. There is a problem because the installation program does not attempt to install the latest version of the packages. This is left up to the administrator. However the unexperienced user should not worry about this.

751.5   References

Appunti di informatica libera 2006.01.01 --- Copyright © 2000-2006 Daniele Giacomini -- <daniele (ad) swlibero·org>, <daniele·giacomini (ad) poste·it>


1) Translation last update on 2003.09.11 from Mario Pesce <mario (ad) datamission·co·uk>.

2) The installation program creates the device files dynamically, by using the temporary directory. For this reason, fdisk shows unusual device names: /tmp/hda1, /tmp/hda2,...

3) To be precise, in order to obtain a basic installation, you should select all groups and then immediately deselect them again.


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