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Newark, nicknamed The Brick City, is the largest city in New Jersey, United States, and the county seat of urban Essex County. As of the United States 2000 Census, the city had a total population of 273,546, making it the largest municipality in New Jersey. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city's 2004 population estimate is 280,451, an increase of 2.5% from 2000.

[editar] Historia

[editar] Época colonial

[editar] Época industrial hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial

El rápido crecimiento de Newark comenzó a princicpios del 1800, en gran parte debido a la llegada de de Seth Boyden desde Massachusetts. Boyden llegó a Newark en 1815, e inmediatamente realizó grandes cambios en la industria manufacturera de cueros. Los adelantos introducidos permitieron que, hacia 1870, Newark fuera el lugar en donde se llegaba a manufacturar casi el 90% de los cueros de todo el país, y en ese año solamente la ciudad tuvo un ingreso de 8,6 millones de dólares. En 1824 Boyden encontró la forma de producitr hierro maleable. La ciudad también prosperó por la construcción del Canal Morris en 1831. El canal conectaba a Newark con el área interior de Nueva Jersey, que en ese momento era una importante zona agrícola y de producción de hierro. El ferrocarril llegó en 1834 y 1835. Todo resultó en un próspero negocio marítimo y Newark se convirtió en el centro de un área industrial. En 1826, la población llegó a los 8.017 habitantes, diez veces más que en 1776.

A mediados del siglo XIX Newark seguía creciendo y hubo una diversificación del sector industrial: el primer plástico exitoso comercialmente (celuloide), fue producido en una fábrica de Newark por John Wesley Hyatt. El celuloide fue aplicado a la producción de partes de autos, bolas de billar y dentaduras postizas. Edward Weston perfeccionó el proceso para el zinc galvanizado así como también mejoró las lámparas de arco. El Parque Militar de Newark tuvo las primeras lámparas eléctricas públicas de los Estados Unidos. A finales del siglo XIX, la industria seguía creciendo. Los inmigrantes irlandeses y alemanes que llegaron a la ciudad fundaron sus propios periódicos, y otros grupos étnicos del lugar emularon esa iniciativa, sin embargo, existían tensiones entre los "nativos" y los recién llegados. A mediados del sigo XIX, la ciudad incorporó a los seguros como parte de los negocios: Mutual Benefit Insurance fue fundada en 1845 y Prudential Insurance en 1873. Prudential Insurance fue fundada por John Fairfield Dryden, que provenía de Nueva Inglaterra, quien encontró un nicho de mercado en las clases sociales medias y bajas. Hoy en día, Newark vende más seguros que cualquier otra ciudad, excepto Hartford, Connecticut.^[1] En 1880, la población de Newark alcanzaba 13.508 habitantes, en 1890 181.830, en 1900 246.070 y en 1910 347.000, un salto de 200.000 habitantes en tres décadas.^[2] Como la población de Newark se acercaba al medio millón de habitantes en la década de 1920, el potencial de la ciudad parecía no tener límites.

Newark era muy activa a principios del siglo XX. Las calles Market y Broad servían como centro del comercio minorista para la región, con importantes centros comerciales como Hahne & Company, L. Bamberger and Company, L.S. Plaut and Company, y Kresge's (más tarde conocida como K-Mart).

En 1922, Newark tenía 63 teatros, 46 cines y una activa vida nocturna. En 1935 Dutch Schultz fue asesinado en el Palace Bar. Billie Holiday frecuentemente se alojaba en el Coleman Hotel.

La intersección de las calles Market y Broad (conocida como las Cuatro Esquinas) era la intersección más concurridas en los Estados Unidos, por la cantidad de coches que circulaban. En 1915 el servicio público contabilizó más de 280.000 peatones en un período de 13 horas. Once años después, el 26 de octubre de 1926, el State Motor Vehicle Department controló las Cuatro Esquinas contando 2.644 tranvías, 4.098 buses, 2.657 taxis, 3.474 vehículos comerciales y 23.571 automóviles particulares. El tráfico era tan pesado que la ciudad convirtió el antiguo lecho del Canal Morris en el Newark City Subway, haciendo de Newark una de las únicas ciudades en el país en poseer un sistema de subterráneos.

Cada año se construían nuevos rascacielos, siendo los más altos el National Newark Building, de 40 pisos, en estilo Art Deco y el Lefcourt-Newark Building. En 1948, justo después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Newark alcanzó su pico poblacional con casi 450.000 habitantes. La población también crecía con inmigrantes del sur y este de Europa que se establecían allí. Newark era testigo de barrios bien diferentes entre sí, como la gran comunidad judía concentrada en la calle Prince.

Before moving to Menlo Park, Thomas Edison himself made Newark home in the early 1870s. He invented the stock ticker in the Brick City. ^[3] In the late 19th century, its industry was further developed, especially through the efforts of such men as Seth Boyden and J. W. Hyatt. The Irish and the Germans emigrated to the city; the Germans established their own newspapers, which the other ethnic groups have emulated. However, tensions existed between the "native stock" and the newer groups. In the middle 19th century, Newark added insurance to its repertoire of businesses; Mutual Benefit was founded in the city in 1845 and Prudential in 1873. Prudential, or "the Pru" as generations of Newarkers knew it, was founded by another transplanted New Englander, John Fairfield Dryden, who found a niche catering to the middle and lower classes. Today, Newark sells more insurance than any city except Hartford.^[4] In 1880, Newark's population stood at 136,508; in 1890 at 181,830; in 1900 at 246,070; and in 1910 at 347,000, a jump of 200,000 in three decades.^[5] As Newark's population approached a half million in the 1920s, the city's potential seemed limitless.

It was said in 1927: "Great is Newark's vitality. It is the red blood in its veins – this basic strength that is going to carry it over whatever hurdles it may encounter, enable it to recover from whatever losses it may suffer and battle its way to still higher achievement industrially and financially, making it eventually perhaps the greatest industrial center in the world".^[6]

Newark was bustling in the early to mid-20th century. Market and Broad Streets served as a center of retail commerce for the region anchored by four flourishing department stores like Hahne & Company, L. Bamberger and Company, L.S. Plaut and Company, and Kresge's (later known as K-Mart). "Broad Street today is the Mecca of visitors as it has been through all its long history," Newark merchants boasted, "they come in hundreds of thousands now when once they came in hundreds."^[7]

In 1922, Newark had 63 live theaters, 46 movie theaters, and an active nightlife. Dutch Schultz was killed in 1935 at the local Palace Bar. Billie Holiday frequently stayed at the Coleman Hotel. By some measures, the intersection of Market and Broad Streets — known as the "Four Corners" — was the busiest intersection in the United States, in terms of cars using it. In 1915, Public Service counted over 280,000 pedestrian crossings in one thirteen-hour period. Eleven years later, on October 26, 1926, a State Motor Vehicle Department check at the Four Corners counted 2,644 trolleys, 4,098 buses, 2657 taxis, 3474 commercial vehicles, and 23,571 automobiles. Traffic in Newark was so heavy that the city converted the old bed of the Morris Canal into the Newark City Subway, making Newark one of the only cities in the country to have an underground system.

New skyscrapers were being built every year, the two tallest being the 40-story Art Deco National Newark Building and the Lefcourt-Newark Building. In 1948, just after World War II, Newark hit its peak population of just under 450,000. The population also grew as immigrants from South and Eastern Europe settled here. Newark witnessed distinctive neighborhoods including a large Jewish community concentrated along Prince Street.

According to legend, the Texas-born artist Robert Rauschenberg accidentally left his bus in Newark and spent a week there before he realized it wasn't New York City.

[editar] Época post Segunda Guerra Mundial

Problems existed underneath the industrial hum. In 1930, a city commissioner had told a local booster club, the Optimists:

Newark is not like the city of old. The old, quiet residential community is a thing of the past, and in its place has come a city teeming with activity. With the change has come something unfortunate—the large number of outstanding citizens who used to live within the community's boundaries has dwindled. Many of them have moved to the suburbs and their home interests are there.^[8]

Gran parte de los habitantes de Nueva Jersey atribuyeron la pérdida de importancia de Newark al fenómeno post Segunda Guerra Mundial (los disturbios de Newark de 1967, la construcción de de las autovías New Jersey Turnpike, Interstate 280 e Interstate 78, descentralización de la manufactura, etc), pero el declinamiento de Newark había comenzado desde largo tiempo atrás. El presupuesto de la ciudad había caído desde 58 millones de dólares en 1938 a solamente 45 millones de dólares en 1944, a pesar del período de guerra y el aumento de la tasa impositiva desde 4,61 dólares a 5,30.

Algunos atribuyen la decadencia de Newark a su propensión a construir grandes complejos de viviendas subencionadas. Sin embargo, el alojamiento siempre fue un tema de preocupación. En 1944 un estudio mostró que el 31% de las unidades habitacionales de Newark estaban por debajo de los estándares de salud, y sólo el 17% eran ocupadas por sus propietarios. Gran parte de las construcciones eran de madera, y al menos 5.000 unidades no alcanzaba el umbral de ser un lugar decente para vivir. Esto hizo que el gobierno tuviera que intervenir en el mercado inmobiliario.

Most New Jerseyans attributed Newark's demise to post-World War II phenomena—the 1967 riots; the construction of the New Jersey Turnpike, Interstate 280 and Interstate 78; decentralization of manufacturing; the G.I. Bill; and the general pro-suburban fiscal order—but Newark's relative decline actually began long before that. The city budget fell from $58 million in 1938 to only $45 million in 1944, despite the wartime boom and an increase in the tax rate from $4.61 to $5.30. Even in 1944, before anyone predicted the rise of the Sun Belt or the G.I. Bill, planners saw problems on Newark's horizon.

Some attribute Newark's downfall to its propensity for building large housing projects. However, Newark's housing was always a matter of concern. The 1944 city-commissioned study showed that 31% of all Newark dwelling units were below standards of health, and only 17% of Newark's units were owner-occupied. Vast sections of Newark consisted of wooden tenements, and at least 5,000 units failed to meet any thresholds of being a decent place to live. Bad housing predated government intervention in the housing market.^[9]

One theory postulated by Kenneth T. Jackson and others is that Newark, having a situation where a poor center was surrounded by middle-class outlying areas, only did well when it was able to annex middle-class suburbs. When municipal annexation broke down, urban problems developed since the middle-class edge was now divorced from the poor center. In 1900, Newark's mayor had confidently thought out loud, "East Orange, Vailsburg, Harrison, Kearny, and Belleville would be desirable acquisitions. By an exercise of discretion we can enlarge the city from decade to decade without unnecessarily taxing the property within our limits, which has already paid the cost of public improvements." Only Vailsburg would ever be added.^[10]

Although numerous problems predated World War II, Newark was hamstrung by a number of trends in the post-WWII era. The Federal Housing Administration redlined virtually all of Newark, preferring to back up mortgages in the white suburbs. Manufacturers set up in lower wage environments and could receive larger tax deductions for building an entirely new factory in outlying areas than for rehabilitating an old factory in a city. Billed as transportation improvements, Interstate 280, the New Jersey Turnpike, and Interstate 78 harmed Newark as well. They directly hurt the city by tearing the fabric of the neighborhoods they went though, and indirectly hurt the city because the new infrastructure allowed middle-class workers to live in the suburbs and commute into the city.

Despite its problems, Newark did try to remain vital in the postwar era. Prudential and Mutual Benefit were successfully enticed to stay and build new offices. Rutgers University-Newark and Seton Hall University expanded their Newark presences, with the former building a brand-new campus on a 23 acre (9 hectare) urban renewal site. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey made Port Newark the first container port in the nation and turned swamps in the south of the city into Newark Liberty Airport, one of the ten busiest airports in the United States.

Even though it was not the sole cause of Newark's tragedy, the city made some serious mistakes with public housing and urban renewal. Across several administrations, the city leaders of Newark saw the federal government's offer to pay for 100% of the costs of housing projects as a blessing. While other cities were skeptical about putting so many poor and socially dysfunctional individuals together and thus were cautious in building housing projects, Newark avidly pursued federal dollars. Eventually, Newark would have a higher percentage of its residents in public housing than any other American city.

The Italian First Ward was one of the hardest hit by urban renewal. A 46-acre (19 hectare) housing tract, labelled a slum because it was so dense, was torn down for multi-story Le Corbusier-style high rises, to be known as the Christopher Columbus Homes. The tract had contained 8th Avenue, the commercial heart of the neighborhood. Fifteen small-scale blocks were reduced to three "superblocks." The Columbus Homes, never in harmony with the rest of the neighborhood, were abandoned in the 1970s, and were eventually torn down in 1994.^[11]

As pesticides and mechanization reduced the need for cheap labor in the South, five million blacks migrated to northern cities between 1940 and the 1970s. From 1950 to 1960, while Newark saw its overall population drop from 438,000 to 408,000, it gained 65,000 non-whites. By 1966, Newark had a black majority, a faster turnover than most other northern cities had experienced. Evaluating the riots of 1967, Newark educator Nathan Wright, Jr. said, "No typical American city has as yet experienced such a precipitous change from a white to a black majority." The misfortune of the Great Migration and Puerto Rican immigration was that Southern blacks and Puerto Ricans were moving to Newark to be industrial workers just as the industrial jobs were drying up. Newark blacks left poverty in the South to find poverty in the North.

During the 1950s alone, Newark's white population decreased from 363,000 to 266,000. From 1960 to 1967, its white population fell a further 46,000. Though white flight changed the racial composition of Newark residents, it did not change the racial composition of political and economic power in the city. In 1967, out of a police force of 1,400, only 150 members were black, mostly in subordinate positions. The predominantly white nature of the police force, coupled with its penchant for brutality, led it to be seen as an occupying force rather than a protective entity. Since Newark's blacks lived in neighborhoods that had been white only two decades earlier, nearly all of their apartments and stores were white-owned as well. In 1967, when 70% of Newark's students were black, Mayor Hugh Addonizio refused to appoint a black secretary to the Board of Education. Mayor Addonizio offered, without consulting any residents of the neighborhood to be affected, to condemn and raze for the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ) 150 acres (61 hectares) of a densely populated black neighborhood in the central ward. UMDNJ had wanted to settle in suburban Madison.

[editar] 1967 riots

The poverty and lack of political power contributed to a growing radicalization of Newark's black population. On July 12, 1967, a black taxi driver named John Smith was arrested and brutally beaten by police for illegally passing a double-parked police car and then resisting arrest. A crowd gathered outside the police station where he was detained. Due to miscommunication, the crowd believed Smith had died in custody when in actuality he had been transported to hospital via a back entrance to the station. This sparked scuffles between blacks and police in the Fourth Ward, although the damage toll was only $2,500. Subsequent to television news broadcasts on July 13 however, new and larger riots took place. Twenty-six people were killed, 1,500 wounded, 1,600 arrested, and $10 million in property was destroyed. More than a thousand businesses were torched or looted, including 167 groceries (most of which would never reopen). Newark's reputation suffered dramatically. Tens of thousands of whites moved out to the growing suburbs of New Jersey. Middle class areas like Weequahic went from middle class white to poor black seemingly overnight. It was said, "wherever American cities are going, Newark will get there first."^[12]

[editar] Post-riots

Newark saw a continued decline in the 1970s and 1980s. Whites continued to move out of the city. Middle class blacks followed suit, and certain pockets of the city developed as domains of poverty and social isolation. Whenever the media of New York needed to find some example of urban despair, they traveled to Newark.

In American Pastoral, a novel by Newark-born author Philip Roth, the protagonist Swede Levov says:

[Newark] used to be the city where they manufactured everything, now it's the car theft capital of the world ... there was a factory where somebody was making something on every side street. Now there's a liquor store on every street — a liquor store, a pizza stand, and a seedy storefront church. Everything else is in ruins or boarded up.

In January 1975, an article in Harper's Magazine ranked the fifty largest American cities in twenty-four categories, ranging from park space to crime. Newark was one of the five worst in nineteen out of twenty-four categories, and the very worst in nine. According to the article, only 70% of Newarkers owned a telephone. The city ranked second worst, St. Louis, was much farther from Newark than the cities in the top five were from each other. The article concluded:

The city of Newark stands without serious challenge as the worst [city] of all. It ranked among the worst cities in no fewer than nineteen of twenty-four categories, and it was dead last in nine of them... Newark is a city that desperately needs help.^[13]

Newark did have several achievements in the two and a half decades after the riots. In 1968, the New Community Corporation was founded and was one of the most successful community building organizations in the nation. In 1987, the NCC would own and manage 2,265 low-income housing units.

Broad Street from the Prudential Financial Building.

Newark's downtown also saw growth in the post-riot decades. Less than two weeks after the riots, Prudential announced plans to underwrite a $24 million office complex near Penn Station, dubbed "Gateway." Today, Gateway houses thousands of white-collar workers, though few live in Newark. The buildings themselves were not designed with consideration for pedestrians. In the mid-1980s, plans were developed to build the world's tallest building, structure, and hotel in the world there, the 121-story Grant USA Tower, but the developer went bankrupt before it could be built.^[14]

Before the riots, there had been an issue over whether the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey would be built in the suburbs or Newark. The riots and Newark's undeniable desperation made definite that the medical school would be in Newark. However, instead of being built on 167 acres (676,000 m²), the medical school would be built on just 60, part of which was already city owned.

In politics, Kenneth A. Gibson was elected as one of the first African-American mayors in the nation in 1970. The 1970s were a time of battles between Gibson and the shrinking white population. In North Newark, Anthony Imperiale represented the white backlash. Imperiale, known as "Tough Tony," initially won fame by organizing the defense of the North Ward during the riots, and had an unsuccessful run at the mayorship.

Gibson admitted that "Newark may be the most decayed and financially crippled city in the nation." The higher taxes may have been necessary to pay for services like schools and sanitation, but they did nothing for Newark's economic base; the CEO of Ballantine's Brewery even asserted that Newark's $1 million annual tax bill was the cause of the company's bankruptcy.^[15]

[editar] Newark's "Renaissance"

The New Jersey Performing Arts Center

The New Jersey Performing Arts Center, which opened in the downtown area in 1997 at a cost of $180 million, is seen by many as the first step in the city's road to revival. It has brought some 1.6 million people to Newark who might never have visited. NJPAC is known for its acoustics and has seen, on its stages, a diverse group of artists including Itzhak Perlman, Sarah Brightman, Sting, 'N Sync, Lauryn Hill, the Vienna Boys' Choir, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam, and the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater.^[16]

Since then, the city has built a baseball stadium for the city's minor league team (the Riverfront Stadium), a rail connection to its airport (AirTrain Newark), and numerous commercial developments in the downtown area. The city is currently planning to construct a new arena for the New Jersey Devils, which is expected to be complete by 2008 and has been criticized by some for its high cost (upwards of $200 million).

Much of the city's revitalization efforts have been focused in the downtown area, however adjoining neighborhoods have, in recent years, begun to see some signs of development. Nevertheless, the "Renaissance" has been unevenly felt across the city and some districts continue to have below-average household incomes and higher-than-average rates of poverty.

Since 2000, Newark has actually gained population, its first increase since the 1940s. In 2004, its crime rate decreased 56%, though murders remain stubbornly high for a city of its size.

[editar] Geography and climate

[editar] Geography

Located at 40° 44' 14" north and 74° 10' 55" west, Newark is 24.14 square miles (63 km²) in area. It has the second smallest land area among 100 most populous cities in the U.S, after neighboring Jersey City. The city's altitude ranges from 0 to 273.4 feet (83 m) above sea level, with the average being 55 feet (17 m).^[17] Newark is essentially a large basin sloping towards the Passaic River, with a few valleys formed by meandering streams. Historically, Newark's high places have been its wealthier neighborhoods. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the wealthy congregated on the ridges of Forest Hill, High Street, and Weequahic.

Until the 20th century, the marshes on Newark Bay were difficult to develop. The marshes were essentially wilderness, with a few dumps, warehouses, and cemeteries on their edges. In the 19th century, Newarkers mourned that a fifth of their city could not be used for development. However, in the 20th century, the Port Authority was able to reclaim much of the marshland for the further expansion of Newark Airport, as well as the growth of the port lands.

Newark is surrounded by residential suburbs to the west (on the slope of the Watchung Mountains), the Passaic River and Newark Bay to the east, dense urban areas to the south and southwest, and middle-class residential suburbs and industrial areas to the north.

[editar] Neighborhoods

Map of Downtown Newark and environs

Newark es la ciudad más grande de Nueva Jersey y la segunda ciudad más diversa, después de Jersey City. Sus barrios están habitados por personas de diferentes orígenes, como afro-americanos, puertorricences, italianos, españoles, judíos, africanos y latinos, como brasileros, ecuatorianos y haitianos. También posee la población más grande de potugueses en Estados Unidos.

La ciudad está dividida polìticamente en 5 distritos, los cuales generalmente son utilizados por los residentes para identificar su lugar de residencia. Los distritos se mantienen relativamente homogéneos. El sector de usos industriales, junto con el aeropuerto y puerto marítimo se encuentran concentrados en el distrito este y sur, mientras que los barrios residenciales se encuentran en el norte, centro y oeste.

Newark is New Jersey's largest and second-most diverse city, after neighboring Jersey City. Its neighborhoods are populated with people from various backgrounds, including African-Americans, Puerto Ricans, Italians, Spaniards, Jews, West Africans, and various Latinos such as Brazilians, Ecuadorians, and Haitians. Newark also has the largest Portuguese population of any American city.

The city is divided into five political wards, which are often used by residents to identify their place of habitation. In recent years, residents have begun to identify with specific neighborhood names instead of the larger ward appellations. Nevertheless, the wards remain relatively homogeneous. Industrial uses, coupled with the airport and seaport lands, are concentrated in the East and South Wards, while residential neighborhoods exist primarily
in the North, Central, and West Wards.

Plantilla:Newark Neighborhoods The geography of the city is such that only the predominantly poor Central Ward shares an unbroken border with the downtown area (the North Ward is separated from the downtown by Interstate 280 and the East Ward is separated by railroad tracks; the South and West Wards do not share a border with the downtown area).

Newark's North Ward is the ridge to the east of Branch Brook Park. The still-affluent Forest Hill is in the North Ward, as are heavily Latino areas west of Mount Prospect Avenue. The Central Ward is a poor, mostly black, area. In the 19th century it was inhabited by Germans. The German inhabitants were later replaced by Jews, who were then replaced by blacks. Newark built many public housing projects on superblocks in the Central Ward in the 19th century; hence, the streets in this ward are no longer arranged in a grid. The West Ward comprises the middle-class, quasi-suburban neighborhoods of Roseville and Vailsburg. Vailsburg is largely black, while Roseville is white and Latino. The South Ward comprises poor areas and the middle-class Weequahic district. It was the last part of Newark to be developed. At the southern end of the ward is Weequahic Park. Finally, the East Ward consists of Newark's downtown commercial district, as well as the heavily Portuguese Ironbound neighborhood, where much of Newark's industry was located in the 19th century; the area was then poorer than the rest of the city. Today, due to the enterprise of its immigrant population, the Ironbound is the most commercially successful part of Newark.

[editar] Climate

Newark has a humid continental climate, although its proximity to the ocean has a moderating effect. Temperatures below 0 °F (-18 °C) are rare, but temperatures between 10 °F and 20 °F are not uncommon during the winter months. The average temperature during the winter ranges from 36 °F in December to 33 °F in February. Springs in Newark are quite mild, with average temperatures ranging from the 40s °F in March to the 70s-80s °F in June. Summers are particularly hot and humid, with temperatures remaining in the 80s °F and exceeding 90 °F on some days. Heat advisories are not uncommon during the summer months, particularly July and August, the hottest months of the year. The city cools off during autumn, with temperatures ranging in the 50s °F and 60s °F.

The city receives an average amount of precipitation, ranging from 3" to 4.5" monthly. Snow is not uncommon during the winter.

[editar] Demographics

As of the censusPlantilla:GR of 2000, there are 273,546 people, recent census projections show that the population has increased to around 280,000. The population density was 11,400/mile² (4,400/km²), or 21,000/mile² (8,100 km²) once airport, railroad, and seaport lands are excluded, the second-highest in the nation of any city with over 250,000 residents (after New York City).

The racial makeup of the city was 26.52% White or Euro-American, 53.46% Black or African American, 0.37% Native American, 1.19% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 14.05% from other races, and 4.36% from two or more races. 29.47% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There is a significant Portuguese-speaking community, made up by Brazilian and Portuguese ethnicities, concentrated mainly at the Ironbound district.

There were 91,382 households out of which 35.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.0% were married couples living together, 29.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.2% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.43.

In the city the population was spread out with 27.9% under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.1 males.

[editar] Poverty and disinvestment

Poverty remains a serious problem in Newark, despite its revitalization in recent years. The 1967 riots resulted in a significant population loss — attributed to white flight — which continued from the 1970s through to the 1990s. The city lost over 100,000 residents between 1960 and 1990.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,913, and the median income for a family was $30,781. Males had a median income of $29,748 versus $25,734 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,009. 28.4% of the population and 25.5% of families were below the poverty line. 36.6% of those under the age of 18 and 24.1% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. In 2003, the city's unemployment rate was 12%.

[editar] Government

[editar] Local government

Effective as of July 1, 1954, the voters of the city of Newark, by a referendum held on November 3, 1953 and acting pursuant to the Optional Municipal Charter Law (commonly known as the Faulkner Act), adopted the Faulkner Act (Mayor-Council) Plan C as the form of local government.

Pursuant to this Plan, nine council members are elected on a nonpartisan basis at the regular municipal election or at the general election for terms of four years: one council member from each of five wards and four council members on an at-large basis. The mayor is also elected for a term of four years.

The Mayor of Newark is Sharpe James. The only Civil Rights veteran still serving as Mayor in America, Sharpe James became Newark's longest-serving mayor when he was re-elected for an unprecedented fifth term in 2002, a year after being named New Jersey Conference of Mayors Mayor of the Year. First elected mayor of Newark on May 13, 1986, James was sworn into office on July 1 of that year. He was the first Newark mayor to run unopposed when he sought re-election in 1990 and handily won re-election in 1994, 1998, and 2002.

On March 27, 2006, James announced that he would not seek a sixth term, preferring to focus on his seat in the New Jersey Senate. ^[19]. On Election Day, May 9, 2006, Newark's nonpartisan election took place. Cory Booker (who had lost to James in the 2002 race) won with 72% of the vote, soundly defeating Ronald Rice, the former Deputy Mayor who was his closest challenger, who received 23% of the ballots cast.^[20]

The Municipal Council exercises the legislative power of city government. It enacts by ordinance, resolution or motion the local laws which govern the people of the city, and is responsible for approval of the municipal budget, establishment of financial controls, and setting of salaries of elected officials and top appointed administrators. It may reduce or increase appropriations requested by the Mayor. By these methods the Council decides "what" the city will do about any particular matter, and then the Mayor and cabinet members decide "how" to do it.

The Municipal Council also renders advice and consent on the Mayor's appointments and policy programs, and may investigate, when necessary, any branch of municipal government. The Council also authorizes a continuing audit by an outside firm, of all city financial transactions.

As established by ordinance, regular public meetings of the Municipal Council are held on the first Wednesday of each month at 1:00 p.m., and the third Wednesday of each month at 7:00 p.m. in the Municipal Council Chamber in City Hall. Exceptions are made for national or religious holidays. During July and August only one meeting is held each month. A special meeting of the Municipal Council may be called by the President or a majority of its members or by the Mayor whenever an emergency requires immediate action.

Members of Newark's Municipal Council are:

• Donald Bradley - Council President and Council Member, South Ward
• Augusto Amador - Council Member, East Ward
• Charles A. Bell - Council Member, Central Ward
• Mamie Bridgeforth - Council Member, West Ward
• Hector M. Corchado - Council Member, North Ward
• Ras Baraka - Council Member-At-Large
• Gayle H. Chaneyfield-Jenkins - Council Member-At-Large
• Luis Quintana - Council Member-At-Large
• Bessie Walker - Council Member-At-Large

[editar] Federal, state and county representation

Newark is in both the Tenth and Thirteenth Congressional Districts and is part of New Jersey's 27th, 28th and 29th Legislative Districts.

Plantilla:NJ Congress 10 Plantilla:NJ Congress 13 Plantilla:NJ Senate

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Plantilla:NJ Essex County Freeholders

[editar] Politics

On the national level, Newark leans strongly toward the Democratic Party. In 2004, Democrat John Kerry received 86 percent of the vote here, defeating Republican George W. Bush, who received around 13 percent.

[editar] Political turmoil

Newark, as other cities in New Jersey, has been marred with episodes of political corruption throughout the years. The current mayor, Sharpe James, has been accused of wrongdoing during his administration, but his predecessors, Hugh Addonizio and Kenneth Gibson, have both had their share of scandals during their terms in office.

Addonizio was mayor of Newark from 1962 to 1970. A son of Italian American immigrants, he ran on a reform platform, defeating the incumbent, Leo Carlin, who he, ironically, characterized as corrupt and a part of the political machine of the era. During the 1967 riots, it was found that Addonizio and other city officials were taking kickbacks from city contractors. He was convicted of extortion and conspiracy in 1970, and was sentenced to ten years in federal prison.

His successor was Kenneth Gibson, the city's first African American mayor, elected in 1970. He, too, was indicted on charges of conspiracy and misconduct, but was later acquitted.^[21]

[editar] Sister cities

Newark is the sister city to Banjul, Gambia; Douala, Cameroon; Freeport, Bahamas; Kumasi, Ghana; Xuzhou, China; and Ganja, Azerbaijan.

[editar] Economy

Panorama of Newark from Harrison

Newark has over 300 types of businesses. These include 1,800 retail, 540 wholesale establishments, eight major bank headquarters (including those of New Jersey's three largest banks), and twelve savings and loan association headquarters. Deposits in Newark-based banks are over $20 billion.

Newark is the third-largest insurance center in United States, after New York City and Hartford. Prudential Insurance and Mutual Benefit Companies originated in Newark. The former, the largest insurance company in the world, is still headquartered in Newark. Many other companies are headquartered in the city, including International Discount Telecommunications, New Jersey Transit, Public Service Electric and Gas (PSE&G), Verizon, and Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield of New Jersey.

Transportation is a growing business in Newark, accounting for 24,000 jobs in 1996. The service industry is also growing rapidly, as many such jobs are replacing those in the manufacturing industry, once Newark's primary economy.

Though Newark is not the industrial colossus of the past, the city does have a considerable amount of industry. The southern portion of the Ironbound, also known as the Industrial Meadowlands, has seen many factories built since World War II, including a large brewery.

[editar] Education

[editar] Colleges and Universities

Newark is the home of Rutgers University-Newark, the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Seton Hall University School of Law, the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (Newark Campus), and Essex County College. Most of Newark's academic institutions are located in the city's University Heights district. Rutgers-Newark and NJIT are in the midst of major expansion programs, including plans to purchase, and sometimes raze, surrounding buildings, as well as revitalize current campuses. With more students' requesting to live on campus, the universities have plans to build and expand several dormitories. Such overcrowding is contributing to the revitalization of nearby apartments. Nearby restaurants primarily serve college students. Well lit, frequently policed walks have been organized by the colleges to encourage students to venture downtown.

[editar] Public schools

The Newark Public Schools, a state-operated Abbott school district, enrolls approximately 45,000 students, making it the largest school system in New Jersey. The city's public schools are among the worst in the state, even after the state government decided to take over management of the city's schools in 1995, which was done under the presumption that improvement would follow. The school district continues to struggle with low high school graduation rates and low standardized test scores.

The total school enrollment in Newark city was 75,000 in 2003. Preprimary school enrollment was 12,000 and elementary or high school enrollment was 46,000 children. College enrollment was 16,000.

As of 2003, 64 percent of people 25 years and over had at least graduated from high school and 11 percent had a bachelor's degree or higher. Among people 16 to 19 years old, 10 percent were dropouts; they were not enrolled in school and had not graduated from high school.^[22]

[editar] Private schools

Link Community School is a non-denominational coeducational day school located serving approximately 128 students in seventh and eighth grades. Saint Benedict's Preparatory School is an all boys Roman Catholic high school.

[editar] Culture

Downtown Newark is not laid out on a grid, giving the downtown area character. There are several notable Beaux-Arts buildings, such as the Veterans' Administration building, the Newark Museum, the Newark Public Library, and the Cass Gilbert-designed Essex County Courthouse. Notable Art Deco buildings include several 1920s era skyscrapers, such as 1180 Raymond Boulevard, the intact Newark Penn Station, and Arts High School. Gothic architecture can be found at the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart by Branch Brook Park, which is one of the largest gothic cathedrals in the United States. It is rumoured to have as much stained glass as the Cathedral of Chartres. Newark also has two public sculpture works by Gutzon Borglum — Wars of America in Military Park and Seated Lincoln in front of the Essex County Courthouse.

The Newark Museum has a first class American art collection, and its Tibetan collection is considered one of the best in the world. Through January 2006 the Newark Museum is displaying Dominican baseball art and African clothing. The city is also home to the New Jersey Historical Society, which has rotating exhibits on New Jersey and Newark. The Newark Public Library also produces a series of historical exhibits. Also through January 2006, the Newark Public Library is exhibiting the New Jersey photography of Harry Dorer.

In February 2004, plans were announced for a new Smithsonian-affiliated Museum of African-American Music to be built in the city's Lincoln Park neighborhood. The museum will be dedicated to black musical styles, from gospel to rap. The new museum will incorporate the facade of the old South Park Presbyterian Church, where Abraham Lincoln once spoke. Groundbreaking is planned for winter 2006 with the grandopening scheduled for 2007.

Plans were formalized in November 2004 for a New Jersey Jewish Museum at Temple Ahavas Shalom in the Broadway neighborhood, the last synagogue in Newark. The museum will memorialize the Jewish community of Newark, which once numbered 60,000 and had fifty shuls.

[editar] Media

The Star-Ledger, owned by Advance Publications, is the state's leading newspaper and is based out of Newark.

Newark does not have any major television network affiliates due to its proximity to New York City, however WNET, a flagship station of the Public Broadcasting Service, is licensed to serve Newark. The New Jersey Network also has studios in the city.

Pioneer radio station WOR AM was originally licensed to and broadcast from the Bamberger's Department Store in Newark.

[editar] Professional sports

The new Newark Arena for the New Jersey Devils is under construction. The arena is scheduled to be completed by August of 2007.

Newark recently established a minor league baseball team, the revived Newark Bears who play at the Bears and Eagles Riverfront Stadium, a future stop on the Newark Elizabeth Rail Link. The Bears are part of the independent Atlantic League, which also has teams in Atlantic City, Bridgewater Township and Camden.

In Harrison, across from the Ironbound neighborhood, Red Bull Park is being built for Red Bull New York soccer team (formerly MetroStars). The stadium should be completed by June 2007, around the same time as the new Devils arena. In the next couple of months, Newark will begin planning a Pedestrian bridge that will link the two cities at Minish Park.

A third sports team to come to Newark, is the professional basketball franchise, the Newark Express. The Express play their home games at Essex County College and are part of the reinvented American Basketball Association.

[editar] Infrastructure

[editar] Transportation

Newark is a hub of air, road, rail, and ship traffic, making it a significant gateway into the New York metropolitan area and the Northeastern United States. Newark Liberty International Airport, the second-busiest airport in the New York region and the fourteenth-busiest in the United States (in terms of passenger traffic), saw nearly 32 million travelers in 2004 and processed nearly 1,000,000 metric tons of freight and mail. Just east of the airport and across the New Jersey Turnpike's fifteen lanes of traffic lies Port Newark, the fifteenth-busiest port in the world and the largest container port on the eastern seaboard. In 2003, the port moved over $100 billion in goods.

The city is served by numerous highways including the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95), Interstate 280, Interstate 78, the Garden State Parkway, U.S. Routes 1&9, U.S. Route 22, and Route 21. Newark is connected to the Holland Tunnel and Lower Manhattan by the Pulaski Skyway, spanning both the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers.

Local streets in Newark conform to a quasi-grid form, with major streets radiating outward (like spokes on a wheel) from the downtown area. Some major roads in the city are named after the towns to which they lead, including South Orange Avenue, Springfield Avenue, and Bloomfield Avenue. These are some of the oldest roads in the city.

Newark Penn Station, situated just east of downtown, is a major train station for the city and the region, connecting the interurban PATH system (which links Newark to Manhattan) with three New Jersey Transit commuter rail lines and Amtrak service to Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. Only a few short blocks away, the Newark Broad Street Station is served by two commuter rail lines. The two train stations will eventually be linked by the Newark City Subway, which currently links Newark Penn Station with the city's northern neighborhoods. Built in the bed of the Morris Canal, it runs underground in the downtown area. The city's third train station, Newark Liberty International Airport, connects the Northeast Corridor to the airport via AirTrain Newark. Bus service in Newark is provided by New Jersey Transit, though it is notoriously slow and unreliable.

The Newark-Elizabeth Rail Link is a proposed light rail project that will link downtown Newark with neighboring Elizabeth and Newark Liberty International Airport. The first section of the light rail link, connecting Newark Penn Station with Broad Street Station one mile away, is expected to be complete in the summer of 2006.

[editar] Hospitals and health services

Newark is home to seven hospitals, a remarkable number for a city of its size. University Hospital is the principal teaching hospital of the New Jersey Medical School and is the busiest Level I trauma center in the state. Newark Beth Israel Medical Center is the largest hospital in the city and is a part of the Saint Barnabas Health Care System, the state's largest system of hospital and health care facilities. Beth Israel is also one of the oldest hospitals in the city, dating back to 1901. This 669-bed regional facility is also home to the Children's Hospital of New Jersey. Other hospitals in Newark include the St. James Hospital, St. Michael's Medical Center, Columbus Hospital, Mount Carmel Guild Hospital, and United Hospitals Medical Center.

[editar] Noted Newarkers

• Jason Alexander - actor
• Amiri Baraka - poet
• William J. Brennan - Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
• Aaron Burr - politician and Vice President of the United States
• Betty Carter - jazz singer
• Stephen Crane - author
• Brian De Palma - film director
• Faith Evans - singer
• Connie Francis - singer
• Gloria Gaynor - singer
• Allen Ginsberg - poet
• Savion Glover - tap master/actor
• Bradford Hayes - jazz composer/musician/educator
• Whitney Houston - singer
• Ice T - actor/rapper
• Edward Koch - former New York City mayor
• Andre de Krayewski - painter
• Jerry Lewis - actor
• Miss Nana - rapper
• Shaquille O'Neal - basketball star
• Joe Pesci - actor
• Queen Latifah - actor/rapper
• Redman - rapper
• Joe Rogan - stand-up comedian/game show host (Fear Factor)
• Philip Roth - author
• Paul Simon - singer/songwriter
• Wayne Shorter - jazz composer/musician
• Frankie Valli - singer/actor
• Sarah Vaughan - jazz singer
• Gerard and Mikey Way - musicians, from the band My Chemical Romance
• J.D. Williams - actor

[editar] See also

• List of Mayors of Newark, New Jersey

[editar] References

[editar] Further reading

• Stummer, Helen M. (1994). No Easy Walk: Newark, 1980–1993. Temple University Press. ISBN 156639242X.

[editar] External links

Wikimedia Commons alberga contenido multimedia sobre

Dianai/Met

• The City of Newark, New Jersey
• Go Newark - Guide to news, culture, history, and leisure activities in and around Newark.
• Map of Newark
• "Newark: A Brief History" on PBS website
• "A Walk Through Newark"
• Newarkology Website
• Old Newark
• US Census Bureau - Newark - QuickFacts
• Mapas y fotos aéreas
  • Callejeros de Google Local o Yahoo! Maps
  • Mapa topográfico de TopoZone
  • Imagen aérea o mapa topográfico de TerraServer-USA
  • Imágenes de satélite de Google Local o Microsoft Virtual Earth
  • Imágenes de satélite de ayer en ExploreOurPla.net

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