Lista de monarcas da China
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Abaixo está a "tabela dos monarcas da China".
Desde a Dinastia Shang até a Qin, os monarcas normalmente usavam o título de rei (王 wáng). Com a divisão do país em diversos Estados Guerreiros o título perdeu tanto a força que o unificador da China, Qin Shi Huang, criou para si um novo título, de Imperador (皇帝 huángdì). Este título continuou sendo usado por toda a história da China Imperial, até a queda da Dinastia Qing em 1912.
Os monarcas chineses eram conhecidos por diversos nomes e a forma correta de indentificá-los é as vezes muito confusa. Algumas vezes o mesmo imperador é conhecido por dois ou três nomes diferentes ou o mesmo nome é usado por imperadores de dinastias diferentes. As tabelas abaixo não necessariamente incluem todos os nomes de cada imperador - por exemplo, nomes póstumos podiam ter mais de vinte caracteres e eram raramente usados em escritos históricos - mas onde foi possível o nome mais comumente usado foi indicado.
As tabelas podem não representar as informações mais recentes sobre os monarcas chinese; visite a página de cada dinastia para mais informações.
Índice |
[editar] Ver também
[editar] Dinastia Xia
and thus not used when referring to this sovereign.
(2) Did not exist
[editar] Yuan Dynasty
| Temple names | Posthumous names | Khan Names | Given names | Period of Reigns | Era names and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use first name (e.g. Temujin) or Khan names for khans before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan. | |||||
| Note: 1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia. |
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| Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Genghis Khan | Borjigin Temujin (孛兒只斤鐵木真 Bèi'érzhījīn Tiěmùzhēn) | 1206-1227 | did not exist |
| Ruizong (睿宗 Ruìzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | ? | Borjigin Tolui (孛兒只斤拖雷 Bèi'érzhījīnTuōléi) | 1228 | did not exist |
| Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Ögedei Khan | Borjigin Ögedei (孛兒只斤窩闊台 Bèi'érzhījīn Wōkuòtái) | 1229-1241 | did not exist |
| did not exist | did not exist | Töregene Khâtûn (乃馬真 Nǎimǎzhēn) | regent 1241-1246 | did not exist | |
| Dingzong (定宗 Dìngzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Güyük Khan | Borjigin Güyük (孛兒只斤貴由 Bèi'érzhījīn Guìyuó) | 1246-1248 | did not exist |
| did not exist | did not exist | ? | Oghul Ghaymish (海米失 Hǎimǐshī) | regent 1248-1251 | did not exist |
| Xianzong (憲宗 Xiànzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Möngke Khan | Borjigin Möngke (孛兒只斤蒙哥 Bèi'érzhījīn Ménggē) | 1251-1259 | did not exist |
| Shizu (世祖 Shìzǔ) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Kublai Khan | Borjigin Kublai (孛兒只斤忽必烈 Bèi'érzhījīn Hūbìliè) | 1260-1294 | Zhongtong (中統 Zhōngtǒng) 1260-1264 |
| Chengzong (成宗 Chéngzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Temür Öljeytü Khân | Borjigin Temür (孛兒只斤鐵木耳 Bèi'érzhījīn Tiěmù'ěr) | 1294-1307 | Yuanzhen (元貞 Yuánzhēn) 1295-1297 |
| Wuzong (武宗 Wǔzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Qayshan Gülük | Borjigin Qayshan (孛兒只斤海山 Bèi'érzhījīn Hǎishān) | 1308-1311 | Zhida (至大 Zhìdà) 1308-1311 |
| Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Ayurparibhadra | Borjigin Ayurparibhadra (孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 Bèi'érzhījīn Àiyùlíbálìbādá) | 1311-1320 | Huangqing (皇慶 Huángqìng) 1312-1313 |
| Yingzong (英宗 Yīngzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Suddhipala Gege'en | Borjigin Suddhipala (孛兒只斤碩德八剌 Bèi'érzhījīn Shuòdébālá) | 1321-1323 | Zhizhi (至治 Zhìzhì) 1321-1323 |
| Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì. | |||||
| Jinzong (晉宗 Jìnzōng) | Taiding Di (泰定帝 Tàidìng Dì) | Yesün-Temür | Borjigin Yesün-Temür (孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Yěsūntiěmùér) | 1323-1328 | Taiding (泰定 Tàidìng) 1321-1328 Zhihe (致和 Zhìhé) 1328 |
| did not exist | Tianshun Di (天順帝 Tiānshùn Dì) | Arigaba | Borjigin Arigaba (孛兒只斤阿速吉八 Bèi'érzhījīn Āsùjíbā) | 1328 | Tianshun (天順 Tiānshùn) 1328 |
| Wenzong (文宗 Wénzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Jijaghatu Toq-Temür | Borjigin Toq-Temür (孛兒只斤圖鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tútiěmùér) | 1328-1329 and 1329-1332 | Tianli (天曆 Tiānlì) 1328-1330 |
| Mingzong (明宗 Míngzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Qoshila Qutuqtu | Borjigin Qoshila (孛兒只斤和世剌 Bèi'érzhījīn Héshìlà) | 1329 | did not exist |
| Ningzong (寧宗 Níngzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Irinchibal | Borjigin Irinchibal (孛兒只斤懿璘質班 Bèi'érzhījīn Yìlínzhìbān) | 1332 | Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1332 |
| Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name. | |||||
| Huizong (惠宗 Huìzōng) | Shundi (順帝 Shùndì) | Toghan-Temür | Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér) | 1333-1370 | Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1333 Yuantong (元統 Yuántǒng) 1333-1335 |
| Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào) | Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Khan Names | Born Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use khan names or born names. | |||||
| Note: 1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia. | |||||
| Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name. | |||||
| Huizong (惠宗 Huìzōng) (same person as the last Yuan emperor in China) | Shundi (順帝 Shùndì) | Toghan-Temür | Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér) | 1333-1370 | Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1333 Yuantong (元統 Yuántǒng) 1333-1335 |
| Zhaozong (昭宗 Zhāozōng) | did not exist | Biligtü Khan | Ayushiridara of the Borjigin clan(孛兒只斤愛育識里達臘 Bèi'érzhījīn Àiyùshílǐdálà) | 1370-1378 | Xuanguang (宣光 Xuānguāng) 1371-1378 |
| did not exist | did not exist | Usakhal Khan | Tögüs Temür of the Borjigin clan (孛兒只斤脫古思鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tuōgǔsī Tiěmùér) | 1378-1387 | Tianguang (天光 Tiānguāng) 1378-1387 |
| Note: ....5 more khans before the Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin family stepped down from the khan throne.... | |||||
[editar] Ming dynasty
To see the Ming dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here.
| Personal Name | Posthumous name1 (short form) |
Temple name1 | Reign name | Reign years | Name by which most commonly known |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhū Yuánzhāng 朱元璋 |
Gāodì 高帝 |
Tàizǔ 太祖 |
Hóngwǔ 洪武 |
1368-1398 | The Hongwu Emperor |
| Zhū Yǔnwén 朱允炆 |
Huìdì 惠帝 |
None given2 | Jiànwén 建文 |
1398-1402 | The Jianwen Emperor |
| Zhū Dì 朱棣 |
Wēndì 文帝 |
Chéngzǔ, 成祖 or Tàizōng, 太宗 |
Yǒnglè 永樂 |
1402-1424 | The Yongle Emperor |
| Zhū Gāochì 朱高熾 |
Zhāodì 昭帝 |
Rénzōng 仁宗 |
Hóngxī 洪熙 |
1424-1425 | The Hongxi Emperor |
| Zhū Zhānjī 朱瞻基 |
Zhāngdì 章帝 |
Xuānzōng 宣宗 |
Xuāndé 宣德 |
1425-1435 | The Xuande Emperor |
| Zhū Qízhèn 朱祁鎮 |
Ruìdì 睿帝 |
Yīngzōng 英宗 |
Zhèngtǒng, 正統 |
1435-1449; |
The Zhengtong Emperor |
| Zhū Qíyù 朱祁鈺 |
Jǐngdì 景帝 |
Dàizōng 代宗 |
Jǐngtài 景泰 |
1449-1457 | The Jingtai Emperor |
| Zhū Jiànshēn 朱見深 |
Chúndì 純帝 |
Xiànzōng 憲宗 |
Chénghuà 成化 |
1464-1487 | The Chenghua Emperor |
| Zhū Yòutáng 朱祐樘 |
Jìngdì 敬帝 |
Xiàozōng 孝宗 |
Hóngzhì 弘治 |
1487-1505 | The Hongzhi Emperor |
| Zhū Hòuzhào 朱厚照 |
Yìdì 毅帝 |
Wǔzōng 武宗 |
Zhèngdé 正德 |
1505-1521 | The Zhengde Emperor |
| Zhū Hòucōng 朱厚熜 |
Sùdì 肅帝 |
Shìzōng 世宗 |
Jiājìng 嘉靖 |
1521-1566 | The Jiajing Emperor |
| Zhū Zǎihòu 朱載垕 |
Zhuāngdì 莊帝 |
Mùzōng 穆宗 |
Lóngqìng 隆慶 |
1566-1572 | The Longqing Emperor |
| Zhū Yìjūn 朱翊鈞 |
Xiǎndì 顯帝 |
Shénzōng 神宗 |
Wànlì 萬曆 |
1572-1620 | The Wanli Emperor |
| Zhū Chángluò 朱常洛 |
Zhēndì 貞帝 |
Guāngzōng 光宗 |
Tàichāng 泰昌 |
1620 | The Taichang Emperor |
| Zhū Yóujiào 朱由校 |
Zhédì 悊帝 |
Xīzōng 熹宗 |
Tiānqǐ 天啟 |
1620-1627 | The Tianqi Emperor |
| Zhū Yóujiǎn 朱由檢 |
Zhuānglièmǐn 莊烈愍 |
Sīzōng 思宗 |
Chóngzhēn 崇禎 |
1627-1644 | The Chongzhen Emperor |
| 1 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu. | |||||
| 2 The Yongle emperor usurped the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him. | |||||
| 3 After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother, the Jingtai emperor, assumed the throne and, a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position upon the death of his brother, choosing the reign name Tianshun. | |||||
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