Wikipedysta:Alx/Brudnopis
Z Wikipedii
Olof Lagercrantz - lata 50-70 Oscar Levertin - końcówka XIX wieku, początek XX Johan Henric Kellgren Carl David af Wirsén - hamulcowy
- alx: there is also "ungeheuer" which means "monster"
- I've got de-1 on my page
- take your pick.
- if you say "A ist mir nicht geheuer" then that's an obsolete way of saying that you're afraid of A
- yep.
- "ungeheuer" can also be used as an adverb, then it's the same as "nicht geheuer"
- and if something is "ungeheuerlich" then you're upset or embarassed of it ...
- "ungeheuer" also means simply "very, immensely".
- as an adverb, that is.
- for example "ungeheuer groß" -> very, very large
- apparently, Fischart used both "geheuer" and "ungeheuer" to mean "strange": "merkwürdig aber auch in der gegentheiligen bedeutung, wie ungeheuer, bei FISCHART: aber einen mangel hat er (der wein): der gut ist zu thewr, und der saur zugeheur."
Spis treści |
[edytuj] Saga rodu Woelsungów
[edytuj] Vǫlsung
In Norse mythology, Vǫlsung was murdered by the Geatish king Siggeir and avenged by one of his sons, Sigmund. Vǫlsung was the common ancestor of the ill-fortuned clan of the Vǫlsungs, including the greatest of Norse heroes, Sigurd. Their legend is known in Norse myth through the Volsungasaga and the Drap Niflungs and in Old German through the Nibelungenlied.
Ironically, in Beowulf, when the Geatish warrior Beowulf has killed Grendel, a Danish bard at Hrothgar's court sings about Sigmund and his father Waels.
[edytuj] Synopsis
Vǫlsung was the great-grandson of Odin himself, and it was Odin who made sure that Völsung would be born. Vǫlsung's parents, who were the king and queen of Hunaland could not have any children until Odin and his consort Frigg sent them a giantess named Ljod carrying the apple of fertility. Vǫlsung's father died shortly after this, but his wife was pregnant for six years, until she had had enough. She commanded that the child be delivered by caesarian, an operation that in those days cost the life of the mother. Vǫlsung was a strong child and he kissed his mother before she died.
He was immediately proclaimed king of Hunaland and when he had grown up he married the giantess Ljod. First they had twins, the girl Signy and her twin brother named Sigmund then nine more sons.
Vǫlsung built himself a great hall in the centre of which stood a large apple tree. Siggeir, the King of the Geats, soon arrived and proposed to Signy. Both Vǫlsung and his sons approved, but Signy was less enthusiastic.
A great wedding was held in the hall, when suddenly a stranger appeared. He was a tall old man with only one eye and could not be anybody else but Odin. He went to the apple tree, took his sword and stuck it deep into the trunk. Odin told everyone that the sword was meant for the man who could pull the sword from the apple tree. Then he vanished.
Everyone at the wedding tried to pull the sword but only Sigmund succeeded, and he did so effortlessly. The sword was named Gram and it proved to be an excellent weapon. Siggeir, his brother-in-law, offered thrice its weight in gold for the sword, but Sigmund scornfully said no. This greatly angered Siggeir, who returned home the next day.
Three months later, Vǫlsung and his sons were invited to banquet with Siggeir. They were met by Signy, who warned them that Siggeir intended to ambush them. They refused to turn back whereupon Signy cried and implored them to go home. Soon they were attacked by the Geats, Vǫlsung fell and his ten sons were taken captive.
[edytuj] Sygmund
In Norse mythology, Sigmund was a hero whose story is told in Volsunga saga. He and his sister, Signy, are the children of Volsung. Sigmund is best known as the father of Sigurd the dragon-slayer, though Sigurd's tale has almost no connections to the Volsung tales.
In the Volsunga Saga, Signy marries Siggeir, the king of Gautland (i.e. modern Götaland and Beowulf's Geatland. However, in some English translations he is described as the king of the Goths). Volsung and Sigmund were attending the wedding feast (which lasted for some time before and after the marriage), when Odin, in the guise of a beggar, plunged a sword into the living tree around which Volsung's halls was built. The disguised Odin announced that the man who could remove the sword would have it as a gift. Only Sigmund was able to free the sword.
Siggeir is smitten with envy and desire for the sword. Siggeir invited Sigmund, his father Völsung and Sigmund's nine brothers to a visit in Gautland to see the newlyweds three months later. When the Völsung clan had arrived they were attacked by the Gauts (Geats) and king Völsung was killed and his sons captured. Signy beseeched her husband to spare her brothers and to put them in stocks instead of killing them. As Siggeir thought that the brothers deserved to be tortured before they were killed, he agreed.
He then let his shape-shifting mother turn into a wolf and each night devour one of the brothers, until only Sigmund remained. Signy had a servant smear honey on the face of Sigmund and when the she-wolf arrived she started licking the honey off Sigmund's face. She licked and stuck her tongue into Sigmund's mouth whereupon Sigmund bit her tongue off, killing her. Sigmund then hid in the forests of Gautland and Signy brought him everything he needed.
Sigmund escaped his bonds and lived underground in the wilderness on Siggeir's lands. While he was in hiding, Signy came to him in the guise of a Völva (sorceress) and conceived a child by him Sinfjötli (the Fitela of Beowulf). Bent on revenge for their father's death, Signy sent her sons to Sigmund in the wilderness, one by one, to be tested. As each failed, Signy urged Sigmund to kill them. Finally, Sinfjötli (born of the incest between Signy and Sigmund) passed the test.
Sigmund and his son/nephew, Sinfjötli, grew wealthy as outlaws. In their wanderings, they came upon men sleeping in cursed wolf skins. Upon killing the men and wearing the wolf skins, Sigmund and Sinfjötli were cursed to a type of lycanthropy. Eventually, Sinfjötli and Sigmund avenged the death of Volsung.
After the death of Signy, Sigmund and Sinfjötli went harrying together. Sigmund married a woman named Borghild and had two sons, one of them named Helgi. Helgi and Sinfjötli ruled a kingdom jointly. Helgi married a woman named Sigrun after killing her father. Sinfjötli later killed Sigrun's brother in battle and Sigrun avenged her brother by poisoning Sinfjötli.
Later, Sigmund married a woman named Hjördís. After a short time of peace, Sigmund's lands were attacked by King Lyngi. While in battle, Sigmund matched up against an old man (Odin in disguise). Odin shattered Sigmund's sword, and Sigmund fell at the hands of others. Dying, Sigmund told Hjördís that she was pregnant and that her son would one day make a great weapon out of the fragments of his sword. That son was Sigurd.
Sigmund's story may be based on older material than that found in the Sigurd story and it is more directly involved in matters of family descent and the conquest of lands. If there is a historical person behind the Sigmund stories, it is probably a chieftain from the time of the first great Germanic migration in the second and third centuries CE.
Analogs for Sigmund's pulling the sword from the tree can be found in other mythologies (notably in the Arthurian legends). Sigmund/Siegmund is also the name of Sigurd/Siegfried's father in other versions of the Sigurd story but without any of the details about his life or family that appear in Norse Volsung tales and poems. On the other hand, the Old English poem Beowulf includes "Sigmund the Wælsing" and his nephew "Fiteli" in a tale of dragon slaying told within the main story. In J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, the device of the broken sword that is recast was probably drawn mainly from the Volsung account (though the motif also occurs in stories about Perceval).
[edytuj] Sygurd
Saga rodu Wölsungów przedstawia przede wszystkim losy Sygurda.
In the Volsung Saga, Sigurd is the posthumous son of Sigmund and his second wife, Hjordis. Sigmund dies in battle when he attacks Odin, and Odin shatters Sigmund's sword. Dying, Sigmund tells Hjordis of her pregnancy and bequeaths the fragments of his sword to his unborn son.
Hjordis marries King Alf, and Alf sends Sigurd to Regin as a fosterling. Regin tempts Sigurd to greed and violence by first asking Sigurd if he has control over Sigmund's gold. When Sigurd says that Alf and his family control the gold and will give him anything he desires, Regin asks Sigurd why he consents to a lowly position at court. Sigurd replies that he is treated as an equal by the kings and can get anything he desires. Then Regin asks Sigurd why he acts as stableboy to the kings and has no horse of his own. Sigurd then goes to get a horse. An old man (Odin) advises Sigurd on choice of horse, and in this way Sigurd gets Grani, a horse derived from Odin's own Sleipnir.
Finally, Regin tempts Sigurd by telling him the story of the Otter's Gold. Regin's father was Hreidmar, and his brothers were Fafnir and Ótr. Regin was a natural at smithing, and Otr was natural at swimming. Otr used to swim at Andvari's waterfall, where the dwarf Andvari lived. Andvari often assumed the form of a pike and swam in the pool. One day, the Æsir saw Otr with a fish on the banks, thought him an otter, and Loki killed him. They took the carcass to the nearby home of Hreidmar to display their catch. Hreidmar, Fafnir, and Regin seized the Æsir and demanded compensation for the death of Otr. The compensation was to stuff the body with gold and cover the skin with gold. Loki got the net from the sea giantess Rán, caught Andvari (as a pike), and demanded all of the dwarf's gold. Andvari gave the gold, except for a ring. Loki took this ring, too, although it carried a curse of death on its bearer. The Æsir stuffed Otr's body with gold and covered its skin in gold and covered the last exposed place (a whisker) with the ring of Andvari. Afterward, Fafnir killed Hreidmar and took the gold.
Sigurd agrees to kill Fafnir, who has become a dragon out of greed. Sigurd has Regin make him a sword, which he tests by striking the anvil. The sword shatters, so he has Regin make another. This also shatters. Finally, Sigurd has Regin make a sword out of the fragments that had been left to him by Sigmund. The resulting sword, Gram, cuts through the anvil. To kill Fafnir the dragon, Regin advises him to dig a pit, wait for Fafnir to walk over it, and then stab the dragon. An old man (Odin) advises Sigurd to dig several trenches also to drain the blood, and to bathe in it after killing the dragon; bathing in Fafnir's blood confers invulnerability. Sigurd does so and kills Fafnir; Sigurd then bathes in the dragon's blood, which touches all of his body except part of his shoulder where a leaf has stuck. Regin then asks Sigurd to give him Fafnir's heart. Sigurd tastes Fafnir's blood and gains the power to understand the language of birds. Birds advise him to kill Regin, since Regin is plotting Sigurd's death. Sigurd beheads Regin, roasts Fafnir's heart, and consumes part of it. This gives him the gift of "wisdom" (prophecy).
Sigurd met Brynhild, a "shieldmaiden," after killing Fafnir. She pledges herself to him but also prophecies his doom and marriage to another. (In Volsungsaga, it is not clear that Brynhild is a Valkyrie or in any way supernatural.)
Sigurd went to the court of Heimar, who was married to Bekkhild, sister of Brynhild, and then to the court of Gjúki, where he came to live. Gjuki had three sons and one daughter by his wife, Grimhild. The sons were Gunnar, Hogi and Guttorm, and the daughter was Gudrun. Grimhild made an "Ale of Forgetfulness" to make Sigurd forget Brynhild, and he then married Gudrun. Later, Gunnar wanted to court Brynhild. Brynhild's bower was surrounded by flames, and she promised herself only to the man daring enough to go through them. Only Grani, Sigurd's horse, would do it, and only with Sigurd on it. Sigurd exchanged shapes with Gunnar, rode through the flames, and won Brynhild for Gunnar.
Some time later, Brynhild taunted Gudrun for having a better husband, and Gudrun explained all that had passed to Brynhild and explained the deception. For having been deceived and cheated of the husband she had desired, Brynhild plots revenge. First, she refuses to speak to anyone and withdraws. Eventually, Sigurd was sent by Gunnar to see what was wrong, and Brynhild accuses Sigurd of taking liberties with her. Gunnar and Hogi plot Sigurd's death and enchant their brother, Guttorm, to a frenzy to accomplish the deed. Guttorm kills Sigurd in bed, and Brynhild kills Sigurd's three year old son. Brynhild then wills herself to die, and a funeral pyre is built for Guttorm (killed by Sigurd), Sigurd, Brynhild, and Sigurd's son.
Sigurd and Brynhild had the daughter Aslaug who married Ragnar Lodbrok.
[edytuj] Wikipedia:WikiFaktoria/Budowniczy Babel
[edytuj] szablony hieroglifów
| Imiona Totmesa IV hieroglifami |
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| Nomen – Dżehutimes | |||||||||||||||||||
| egip. – Zrodzony-z-Dżehuti (Thota) | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Prenomen – Men-cheperu-Re | |||||||||||||||||||
| egip. – Wieczność-jest-postacią-Re | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Imię horusowe – Ka-nechat-tut-enchau | |||||||||||||||||||
| egip. – Byk-potężny-doskonały-w-swej-postaci | |||||||||||||||||||
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[edytuj] Rozne
- http://www.literatura.zapis.net.pl/okresy/przew_enc-up.htm
- http://www.ostpreussen.net/index.php?seite_id=12&kreis=14&stadt=08
- Wikipedysta:WarX/Xy
[edytuj] Zasady są niepotrzebne
Wikipedia obrastała, obrasta i będzie obrastała coraz większą liczbą zasad postępowania. Proces ten może doprowadzić do powstania ogromnej chimery prawniczej, której nikt nie będzie w stanie ani powstrzymać ani do końca zrozumieć. Wewnętrzne zaś sprzeczności tej chimery będą polem do popisu dla sprytnych i złośliwych trolli. Dlatego
- za wszelką cenę staraj się prowadzić swoje sprawy tak, abyś nie musiał stosować wielu zasad przy ich rozwiązywaniu;
- za wszelką cenę staraj się prowadzić swoje sprawy tak, aby inni mie musieli stosować zbyt wielu zasad przy kontaktach z tobą;
- za wszelką cenę staraj się nie wprowadzać nowych zasad
- – jeśli już musisz wprowadzić zasadę, to spraw, aby ludzie nie musieli z tej zasady korzystać albo co najmniej żeby nie wiedzieli, że z niej korzystają.
UWAGA: Zasada ta nie oznacza, że wszystko jest dozwolone. Chodzi tutaj o to, aby zgodnie z ideałami oświecenia wyrażonymi w myśli Kanta Niebo gwiaździste nade mną, prawo moralne we mnie każdy, o ile to możliwe, szukał i stosował w postępowaniu zasady, które są na tyle oczywiste, że nie trzeba ich spisywać. W końcu przede wszystkim chodzi, aby czas poświęcać na pisanie artykułów do naszej encyklopedii.
[edytuj] literatura austriacka
http://www.literature.at/elib/www/wiki/index.php/Hauptseite Informacje z listy publikacji (XVIII wiecznych) na stronie literatury austriackiej:
W roku 1879 powstała grupa literacka Młody Wiedeń (niem. Junges Wien).
[edytuj] Nachkriegszeit
Nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg bemühten sich insbesondere die Wiener Gruppe um Gerhard Rühm (* 1930) und H.C. Artmann (1921-2000) sowie Autoren wie Albert Paris Gütersloh (1887-1973) und Heimito von Doderer (1896-1966) um Anknüpfpunkte an die durch den Austrofaschismus und die Nazi-Zeit verschüttete moderne Tradition. Der Lyriker Paul Celan (1920-1970) lebte Ende der 1940er Jahre ein Jahr lang in Wien, ging dann aber nach Paris.
Eine zweite Blüte erlebte die österreichische Literatur in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren, als mit Autoren wie Andreas Okopenko (* 1930), Peter Handke (* 1942), Ingeborg Bachmann (1926-1973) und Thomas Bernhard (1931-1989) die Literaturlandschaft und das sprachliche Selbstverständnis nachhaltig verändert wurde. In dieser Tradition arbeiten auch bedeutende zeitgenössische AutorInnen wie z.B.
- Norbert Gstrein (* 1961),
- Elfriede Jelinek (* 1946),
- Peter Turrini (* 1944),
- O. P. Zier (* 1954),
- Sabine Gruber (* 1963),
- Josef Haslinger (* 1955) und
- Ruth Aspöck (* 1947).
Natürlich haben Autoren wie Ernst Jandl (1925-2000) und Friederike Mayröcker (* 1924) das literarische Verständnis nachhaltig geprägt. Ernst Jandl war auch Mitbegründer der Grazer Autorenversammlung, einem der größten österreichischen Literaturverbände. Diesem gilt die deutsche Sprache übrigens nicht als konstituierendes Merkmal der österreichischen Literatur, womit unter anderem einer Einbindung von so genannten sprachlichen Minderheiten der Weg in die Literatur erleichtert werden sollte.
[edytuj] Zeitgenössische Literatur
Auch die Tradition der Wiener Gruppe wird weiterhin fortgeschrieben, der oft diskutierte, vielfach auch abgelehnte Begriff Experimentelle Literatur hat hierbei große Bedeutung. Unter experimenteller Literatur werden Werke verstanden, die den Materialcharakter der Sprache betonen, das Verhältnis von Form und Inhalt reflektieren oder auch sich einer freiwilligen Beschränkung im Sinne von Oulipo unterziehen. Eine weitere Entwicklung bilden jene AutorInnen, die sich mit den Begriffen Dekonstruktivismus, Dekonstruktion, Postmoderne fassen lassen. Die zeitgenössische österreichische Literatur repräsentieren:
- Franz-Josef Czernin (Arbeit an Sonetten),
- Brigitta Falkner (s. Anagramm, s. Palindrom),
- Franzobel (* 1967),
- Marianne Fritz,
- Thomas Glavinic (* 1972),
- Wolf Haas (* 1960),
- Daniel Kehlmann (* 1975),
- Alfred Komarek
- Ferdinand Schmatz (* 1953),
- Werner Schwab (1958-1994)
- Josef Schweikhardt (*1949), (s. Dekonstruktion)
[edytuj] Weitere österreichische Autoren
Eine alphabetische Autorenliste findet sich HIER.
- Rudolf Hans Bartsch (1873-1952)
- Dimitré Dinev (gebürtiger Bulgare)
- Milo Dor (* 1923) (gebürtiger Serbe)
- Albert Ehrenstein (1886-1950)
- Lilian Faschinger
- Gertrud Fussenegger (* 1912)
- Karl-Markus Gauß (* 1954)
- Michael Guttenbrunner (1919-2004)
- Lorenz Leopold Haschka (1749-1827)
- Marlen Haushofer (1920-1970)
- Alexander Lernet-Holenia (1897-1976)
- Robert Menasse (* 1954)
- Doron Rabinovici
- Christoph Ransmayr (* 1954)
- Robert Schneider (* 1961)
- Franz Schuh (* 1947)
- Julian Schutting (* 1937)
- Hilde Spiel (1911-1990)
- Marlene Streeruwitz (*1950)
- Karl Heinrich Waggerl (1897-1973)
Dachverband für die österreichischen Literaturverbände ist die Interessensgemeinschaft österreichische Autorinnen Autoren.
[edytuj] Weblinks
- AEIOU Österreich Lexikon
- eLibrary Austria Project (eLib Austria Volltexte)
- Interessensgemeinschaft österreichische Autorinnen Autoren.
