by Cuc H. Tran, Maxwell Kligerman, Lesly L. Andrecy, Melissa D. Etheart, Paul Adrien, Jesse D. Blanton, Max Millien, Ryan M. Wallace

Background

Approximately 59,000 people die from rabies worldwide annually. Haiti is one of the last remaining countries in the Western Hemisphere with endemic canine rabies. Canine-mediated rabies deaths are preventable with post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): wound treatment, immunoglobulin, and vaccination. In countries where PEP is available, variability in healthcare seeking behaviors (altro…)

by Philippe Gautret, Kristina M. Angelo, Hilmir Asgeirsson, David G. Lalloo, Marc Shaw, Eli Schwartz, Michael Libman, Kevin C. Kain, Watcharapong Piyaphanee, Holly Murphy, Karin Leder, Jean Vincelette, Mogens Jensenius, Jesse Waggoner, Daniel Leung, Sarah Borwein, Lucille Blumberg, Patricia Schlagenhauf, Elizabeth D. Barnett, Davidson H. Hamer, GeoSentinel Global Surveillance Network

Background

Recent studies demonstrate that rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (RPEP) in international travelers is suboptimal, with only 5–20% of travelers receiving rabies (altro…)

by Danielle Gomes Passos Silva, Selma da Silva Santos, Sheila C. Nardelli, Isabela Cecília Mendes, Anna Cláudia Guimarães Freire, Bruno Marçal Repolês, Bruno Carvalho Resende, Héllida Marina Costa-Silva, Verônica Santana da Silva, Karla Andrade de Oliveira, Camila Franco Batista Oliveira, Liza Figueiredo Felicori Vilela, Ronaldo Alves Pinto Nagem, Glória Regina Franco, Andrea Mara Macedo, Sergio Danilo Junho Pena, Erich Birelli Tahara, Policarpo Ademar Sales Junior, Douglas Souza Moreira, Santuza Maria Ribeiro (altro…)

by Yolande Grobler, Chi Y. Yun, David J. Kahler, Casey M. Bergman, Hangnoh Lee, Brian Oliver, Ruth Lehmann

Wolbachia is an intracellular bacterium that infects a remarkable range of insect hosts. Insects such as mosquitos act as vectors for many devastating human viruses such as Dengue, West Nile, and Zika. Remarkably, Wolbachia infection provides insect hosts with resistance to many arboviruses thereby rendering the insects ineffective as vectors. To utilize Wolbachia effectively (altro…)

by Xuehong Jia, Bo Liu, Linlin Bao, Qi Lv, Fengdi Li, Hui Li, Yunqing An, Xulong Zhang, Bin Cao, Chen Wang

Severe influenza A virus infection causes high mortality and morbidity worldwide due to delayed antiviral treatment and inducing overwhelming immune responses, which contribute to immunopathological lung injury. Sirolimus, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), was effective in improving clinical outcomes in patients with severe H1N1 infection; however, the mechanisms (altro…)

by Steven M. Van Belleghem, Carl Vangestel, Katrien De Wolf, Zoë De Corte, Markus Möst, Pasi Rastas, Luc De Meester, Frederik Hendrickx

When environments change, populations may adapt surprisingly fast, repeatedly and even at microgeographic scales. There is increasing evidence that such cases of rapid parallel evolution are fueled by standing genetic variation, but the source of this genetic variation remains poorly understood. In the saltmarsh beetle Pogonus chalceus, short-winged ‘tidal’ and (altro…)

by Marie Levakova, Lubomir Kostal, Christelle Monsempès, Vincent Jacob, Philippe Lucas

The efficient coding hypothesis predicts that sensory neurons adjust their coding resources to optimally represent the stimulus statistics of their environment. To test this prediction in the moth olfactory system, we have developed a stimulation protocol that mimics the natural temporal structure within a turbulent pheromone plume. We report that responses of antennal olfactory receptor neurons to pheromone encounters follow the (altro…)

by William T. Adler, Wei Ji Ma

Humans can meaningfully report their confidence in a perceptual or cognitive decision. It is widely believed that these reports reflect the Bayesian probability that the decision is correct, but this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested against non-Bayesian alternatives. We use two perceptual categorization tasks in which Bayesian confidence reporting requires subjects to take sensory uncertainty into account in a specific way. We find that (altro…)

by Erik M. Volz, Igor Siveroni

Population genetic modeling can enhance Bayesian phylogenetic inference by providing a realistic prior on the distribution of branch lengths and times of common ancestry. The parameters of a population genetic model may also have intrinsic importance, and simultaneous estimation of a phylogeny and model parameters has enabled phylodynamic inference of population growth rates, reproduction numbers, and effective population size through time. Phylodynamic inference based on pathogen (altro…)

by Anne-Florence Bitbol

Functional protein-protein interactions are crucial in most cellular processes. They enable multi-protein complexes to assemble and to remain stable, and they allow signal transduction in various pathways. Functional interactions between proteins result in coevolution between the interacting partners, and thus in correlations between their sequences. Pairwise maximum-entropy based models have enabled successful inference of pairs of amino-acid residues that are in contact in the three-dimensional structure of multi-protein complexes, (altro…)

by Hyeonyong Hae, Soo-Jin Kang, Won-Jang Kim, So-Yeon Choi, June-Goo Lee, Youngoh Bae, Hyungjoo Cho, Dong Hyun Yang, Joon-Won Kang, Tae-Hwan Lim, Cheol Hyun Lee, Do-Yoon Kang, Pil Hyung Lee, Jung-Min Ahn, Duk-Woo Park, Seung-Whan Lee, Young-Hak Kim, Cheol Whan Lee, Seong-Wook Park, Seung-Jung Park

Background

Invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a standard tool for identifying ischemia-producing coronary stenosis. However, in clinical practice, over 70% of treatment decisions still rely on (altro…)

by Hutan Ashrafian, Ara Darzi

In their Perspective, Ara Darzi and Hutan Ashrafian give us a tour of the future policymaker’s machine learning toolkit.

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by Sara Fontanella, Clément Frainay, Clare S. Murray, Angela Simpson, Adnan Custovic

Background

The relationship between allergic sensitisation and asthma is complex; the data about the strength of this association are conflicting. We propose that the discrepancies arise in part because allergic sensitisation may not be a single entity (as considered conventionally) but a collection of several different classes of sensitisation. We hypothesise that pairings between immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to individual (altro…)

by Martin A. Schlaepfer

Pauchard et al claim that non-native species should not be granted conservation value, as this could hinder effort to curtail novel introductions. In this response, Schlaepfer counters that the positive contributions of non-native species to biodiversity and conservation must be included to provide a complete and objective snapshot to policy makers.

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by Aníbal Pauchard, Laura A. Meyerson, Sven Bacher, Tim M. Blackburn, Giuseppe Brundu, Marc W. Cadotte, Franck Courchamp, Franz Essl, Piero Genovesi, Sylvia Haider, Nick D. Holmes, Philip E. Hulme, Jonathan M. Jeschke, Julie L. Lockwood, Ana Novoa, Martin A. Nuñez, Duane A. Peltzer, Petr Pyšek, David M. Richardson, Daniel Simberloff, Kevin Smith, Brian W. van Wilgen, Montserrat Vilà, John R. U. Wilson, Marten Winter, Rafael D. Zenni

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by Lijun Wang, Ningning Niu, Li Li, Rui Shao, Huiling Ouyang, Weiguo Zou

During the aging process, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) exhibit declined osteogenesis accompanied by excess adipogenesis, which will lead to osteoporosis. Here, we report that the H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), catalyzed by histone methyltransferase SET-domain-containing 2 (SETD2), regulates lineage commitment of BMSCs. Deletion of Setd2 in mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs), through conditional Cre expression (altro…)