by James J. Furniss, Heather Grey, Zhishuo Wang, Mika Nomoto, Lorna Jackson, Yasuomi Tada, Steven H. Spoel

Regulated degradation of proteins by the 26S proteasome plays important roles in maintenance and signalling in eukaryotic cells. Proteins are marked for degradation by the action of E3 ligases that site-specifically modify their substrates by adding chains of ubiquitin. Innate immune signalling in plants is deeply reliant on the ubiquitin-26S proteasome system. While progress has (altro…)

by Michael J. Roach, Daniel L. Johnson, Joerg Bohlmann, Hennie J. J. van Vuuren, Steven J. M. Jones, Isak S. Pretorius, Simon A. Schmidt, Anthony R. Borneman

Chardonnay is the basis of some of the world’s most iconic wines and its success is underpinned by a historic program of clonal selection. There are numerous clones of Chardonnay available that exhibit differences in key viticultural and oenological traits that have arisen from the (altro…)

by Meet Zandawala, Maria E. Yurgel, Michael J. Texada, Sifang Liao, Kim F. Rewitz, Alex C. Keene, Dick R. Nässel

Behavior and physiology are orchestrated by neuropeptides acting as central neuromodulators and circulating hormones. An outstanding question is how these neuropeptides function to coordinate complex and competing behaviors. In Drosophila, the neuropeptide leucokinin (LK) modulates diverse functions, but mechanisms underlying these complex interactions remain poorly understood. As a first step towards understanding (altro…)

by Saskia Selzam, Tom A. McAdams, Jonathan R. I. Coleman, Susan Carnell, Paul F. O’Reilly, Robert Plomin, Clare H. Llewellyn

The parental feeding practices (PFPs) of excessive restriction of food intake (‘restriction’) and pressure to increase food consumption (‘pressure’) have been argued to causally influence child weight in opposite directions (high restriction causing overweight; high pressure causing underweight). However child weight could also ‘elicit’ PFPs. A novel approach is to investigate gene-environment (altro…)

by Anna M. Sokol, Barbara Uszczynska-Ratajczak, Michelle M. Collins, Michal Bazala, Ulrike Topf, Pia R. Lundegaard, Sreedevi Sugunan, Stefan Guenther, Carsten Kuenne, Johannes Graumann, Sherine S. L. Chan, Didier Y. R. Stainier, Agnieszka Chacinska

Development and function of tissues and organs are powered by the activity of mitochondria. In humans, inherited genetic mutations that lead to progressive mitochondrial pathology often manifest during infancy and can lead to death, reflecting the indispensable nature (altro…)

by Ryan R. Wick, Louise M. Judd, Kathryn E. Holt

Multiplexing, the simultaneous sequencing of multiple barcoded DNA samples on a single flow cell, has made Oxford Nanopore sequencing cost-effective for small genomes. However, it depends on the ability to sort the resulting sequencing reads by barcode, and current demultiplexing tools fail to classify many reads. Here we present Deepbinner, a tool for Oxford Nanopore demultiplexing that uses a deep neural network (altro…)

by Yusuf Ozuysal, David B. Kastner, Stephen A. Baccus

To transmit information efficiently in a changing environment, the retina adapts to visual contrast by adjusting its gain, latency and mean response. Additionally, the temporal frequency selectivity, or bandwidth changes to encode the absolute intensity when the stimulus environment is noisy, and intensity differences when noise is low. We show that the On pathway of On-Off retinal amacrine and ganglion cells is required (altro…)

by Sanjay Basu, John S. Yudkin, Seth A. Berkowitz, Mohammed Jawad, Christopher Millett

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease and have become leading causes of morbidity and mortality among Palestinian refugees in the Middle East, many of whom live in long-term settlements and receive grain-based food aid. The objective of this study was to estimate changes in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality attributable to a transition (altro…)

by Jill A. Fisher, Lisa McManus, Marci D. Cottingham, Julianne M. Kalbaugh, Megan M. Wood, Torin Monahan, Rebecca L. Walker

Background

There is limited research on healthy volunteers’ perceptions of the risks of Phase I clinical trials. In order to contribute empirically to long-standing ethical concerns about healthy volunteers’ involvement in drug development, it is crucial to assess how these participants understand trial risks. The objectives of this study were to investigate (altro…)

by Andrew G. Taylor, Clinton Mielke, John Mongan

Background

Pneumothorax can precipitate a life-threatening emergency due to lung collapse and respiratory or circulatory distress. Pneumothorax is typically detected on chest X-ray; however, treatment is reliant on timely review of radiographs. Since current imaging volumes may result in long worklists of radiographs awaiting review, an automated method of prioritizing X-rays with pneumothorax may reduce time to treatment. Our objective was to create a (altro…)

by Thomas A. E. Platts-Mills, Matthew Perzanowski

Thomas Platts-Mills and Matthew Perzanowski provide their expert Perspective on a translational study from Custovic and colleagues that identifies pairings of IgE that show value in estimating risk of concurrent asthma.

Tratto da: www.plos.org
Note sul Copyright: Articles and accompanying materials published by PLOS on the PLOS Sites, unless otherwise indicated, are licensed by the respective authors of such articles for use and distribution by you subject (altro…)

by Fatemeh Rahimian, Gholamreza Salimi-Khorshidi, Amir H. Payberah, Jenny Tran, Roberto Ayala Solares, Francesca Raimondi, Milad Nazarzadeh, Dexter Canoy, Kazem Rahimi

Background

Emergency admissions are a major source of healthcare spending. We aimed to derive, validate, and compare conventional and machine learning models for prediction of the first emergency admission. Machine learning methods are capable of capturing complex interactions that are likely to be present when predicting less specific outcomes, such as (altro…)

by Pranav Rajpurkar, Jeremy Irvin, Robyn L. Ball, Kaylie Zhu, Brandon Yang, Hershel Mehta, Tony Duan, Daisy Ding, Aarti Bagul, Curtis P. Langlotz, Bhavik N. Patel, Kristen W. Yeom, Katie Shpanskaya, Francis G. Blankenberg, Jayne Seekins, Timothy J. Amrhein, David A. Mong, Safwan S. Halabi, Evan J. Zucker, Andrew Y. Ng, Matthew P. Lungren

Background

Chest radiograph interpretation is critical for the detection of thoracic diseases, including tuberculosis and lung cancer, which (altro…)

by Russell A. Ligon, Christopher D. Diaz, Janelle L. Morano, Jolyon Troscianko, Martin Stevens, Annalyse Moskeland, Timothy G. Laman, Edwin Scholes III

Ornaments used in courtship often vary wildly among species, reflecting the evolutionary interplay between mate preference functions and the constraints imposed by natural selection. Consequently, understanding the evolutionary dynamics responsible for ornament diversification has been a longstanding challenge in evolutionary biology. However, comparing radically different ornaments across species, as well (altro…)

by Joshua D. Wallach, Kevin W. Boyack, John P. A. Ioannidis

Currently, there is a growing interest in ensuring the transparency and reproducibility of the published scientific literature. According to a previous evaluation of 441 biomedical journals articles published in 2000–2014, the biomedical literature largely lacked transparency in important dimensions. Here, we surveyed a random sample of 149 biomedical articles published between 2015 and 2017 and determined the proportion reporting sources of (altro…)

by Mari Kajiwara Saito, Christopher M. Parry, Shunmay Yeung

Typhoid fever is a common cause of fever in Cambodian children but diagnosis and treatment are usually presumptive owing to the lack of quick and accurate tests at an initial consultation. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for typhoid fever diagnosis, an immunoglobulin M lateral flow assay (IgMFA), in a remote health centre setting in (altro…)

by Yvonne Ukamaka Ajamma, Thomas Ogao Onchuru, Daniel O. Ouso, David Omondi, Daniel K. Masiga, Jandouwe Villinger

Background

Many arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes have been implicated as causative agents of both human and animal illnesses in East Africa. Although epidemics of arboviral emerging infectious diseases have risen in frequency in recent years, the extent to which mosquitoes maintain pathogens in circulation during inter-epidemic periods is still poorly understood. This study aimed to (altro…)

by Tie-Long Xu, Yin Han, Wei Liu, Xing-Ya Pang, Bin Zheng, Yi Zhang, Xiao-Nong Zhou

Background

Dengue fever is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease over the past 50 years, with a 30-fold increase in global incidence. Dengue vector control is a key component for the dengue control strategy, since no absolutely effective vaccine or drug is available yet. However, the rapid rise and spread of mosquito insecticide resistance have become (altro…)

by Letícia B. Smith, Rakshit Tyagi, Shinji Kasai, Jeffrey G. Scott

Aedes aegypti poses a serious risk to human health due to its wide global distribution, high vector competence for several arboviruses, frequent human biting, and ability to thrive in urban environments. Pyrethroid insecticides remain the primary means of controlling adult A. aegypti populations during disease outbreaks. As a result of decades of use, pyrethroid resistance is a global problem. Cytochrome P450 (altro…)

by Jared P. May, Xuefeng Yuan, Erika Sawicki, Anne E. Simon

Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) is a host RNA control pathway that removes aberrant transcripts with long 3’ untranslated regions (UTRs) due to premature termination codons (PTCs) that arise through mutation or defective splicing. To maximize coding potential, RNA viruses often contain internally located stop codons that should also be prime targets for NMD. Using an agroinfiltration-based NMD assay in Nicotiana benthamiana, we (altro…)

by Qian Shen, Matthew J. Beucler, Stephanie C. Ray, Chad A. Rappleye

Copper toxicity and copper limitation can both be effective host defense mechanisms against pathogens. Tolerance of high copper by fungi makes toxicity as a defense mechanism largely ineffective against fungal pathogens. A forward genetic screen for Histoplasma capsulatum mutant yeasts unable to replicate within macrophages showed the Ctr3 copper transporter is required for intramacrophage proliferation. Ctr3 mediates copper uptake and (altro…)