by James J. Furniss, Heather Grey, Zhishuo Wang, Mika Nomoto, Lorna Jackson, Yasuomi Tada, Steven H. Spoel

Regulated degradation of proteins by the 26S proteasome plays important roles in maintenance and signalling in eukaryotic cells. Proteins are marked for degradation by the action of E3 ligases that site-specifically modify their substrates by adding chains of ubiquitin. Innate immune signalling in plants is deeply reliant on the ubiquitin-26S proteasome system. While progress has (altro…)

by Michael J. Roach, Daniel L. Johnson, Joerg Bohlmann, Hennie J. J. van Vuuren, Steven J. M. Jones, Isak S. Pretorius, Simon A. Schmidt, Anthony R. Borneman

Chardonnay is the basis of some of the world’s most iconic wines and its success is underpinned by a historic program of clonal selection. There are numerous clones of Chardonnay available that exhibit differences in key viticultural and oenological traits that have arisen from the (altro…)

by Meet Zandawala, Maria E. Yurgel, Michael J. Texada, Sifang Liao, Kim F. Rewitz, Alex C. Keene, Dick R. Nässel

Behavior and physiology are orchestrated by neuropeptides acting as central neuromodulators and circulating hormones. An outstanding question is how these neuropeptides function to coordinate complex and competing behaviors. In Drosophila, the neuropeptide leucokinin (LK) modulates diverse functions, but mechanisms underlying these complex interactions remain poorly understood. As a first step towards understanding (altro…)

by Saskia Selzam, Tom A. McAdams, Jonathan R. I. Coleman, Susan Carnell, Paul F. O’Reilly, Robert Plomin, Clare H. Llewellyn

The parental feeding practices (PFPs) of excessive restriction of food intake (‘restriction’) and pressure to increase food consumption (‘pressure’) have been argued to causally influence child weight in opposite directions (high restriction causing overweight; high pressure causing underweight). However child weight could also ‘elicit’ PFPs. A novel approach is to investigate gene-environment (altro…)

by Anna M. Sokol, Barbara Uszczynska-Ratajczak, Michelle M. Collins, Michal Bazala, Ulrike Topf, Pia R. Lundegaard, Sreedevi Sugunan, Stefan Guenther, Carsten Kuenne, Johannes Graumann, Sherine S. L. Chan, Didier Y. R. Stainier, Agnieszka Chacinska

Development and function of tissues and organs are powered by the activity of mitochondria. In humans, inherited genetic mutations that lead to progressive mitochondrial pathology often manifest during infancy and can lead to death, reflecting the indispensable nature (altro…)

by Ryan R. Wick, Louise M. Judd, Kathryn E. Holt

Multiplexing, the simultaneous sequencing of multiple barcoded DNA samples on a single flow cell, has made Oxford Nanopore sequencing cost-effective for small genomes. However, it depends on the ability to sort the resulting sequencing reads by barcode, and current demultiplexing tools fail to classify many reads. Here we present Deepbinner, a tool for Oxford Nanopore demultiplexing that uses a deep neural network (altro…)

by Yusuf Ozuysal, David B. Kastner, Stephen A. Baccus

To transmit information efficiently in a changing environment, the retina adapts to visual contrast by adjusting its gain, latency and mean response. Additionally, the temporal frequency selectivity, or bandwidth changes to encode the absolute intensity when the stimulus environment is noisy, and intensity differences when noise is low. We show that the On pathway of On-Off retinal amacrine and ganglion cells is required (altro…)

by Sanjay Basu, John S. Yudkin, Seth A. Berkowitz, Mohammed Jawad, Christopher Millett

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease and have become leading causes of morbidity and mortality among Palestinian refugees in the Middle East, many of whom live in long-term settlements and receive grain-based food aid. The objective of this study was to estimate changes in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality attributable to a transition (altro…)

by Jill A. Fisher, Lisa McManus, Marci D. Cottingham, Julianne M. Kalbaugh, Megan M. Wood, Torin Monahan, Rebecca L. Walker

Background

There is limited research on healthy volunteers’ perceptions of the risks of Phase I clinical trials. In order to contribute empirically to long-standing ethical concerns about healthy volunteers’ involvement in drug development, it is crucial to assess how these participants understand trial risks. The objectives of this study were to investigate (altro…)

by Andrew G. Taylor, Clinton Mielke, John Mongan

Background

Pneumothorax can precipitate a life-threatening emergency due to lung collapse and respiratory or circulatory distress. Pneumothorax is typically detected on chest X-ray; however, treatment is reliant on timely review of radiographs. Since current imaging volumes may result in long worklists of radiographs awaiting review, an automated method of prioritizing X-rays with pneumothorax may reduce time to treatment. Our objective was to create a (altro…)

by Thomas A. E. Platts-Mills, Matthew Perzanowski

Thomas Platts-Mills and Matthew Perzanowski provide their expert Perspective on a translational study from Custovic and colleagues that identifies pairings of IgE that show value in estimating risk of concurrent asthma.

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by Fatemeh Rahimian, Gholamreza Salimi-Khorshidi, Amir H. Payberah, Jenny Tran, Roberto Ayala Solares, Francesca Raimondi, Milad Nazarzadeh, Dexter Canoy, Kazem Rahimi

Background

Emergency admissions are a major source of healthcare spending. We aimed to derive, validate, and compare conventional and machine learning models for prediction of the first emergency admission. Machine learning methods are capable of capturing complex interactions that are likely to be present when predicting less specific outcomes, such as (altro…)

by Pranav Rajpurkar, Jeremy Irvin, Robyn L. Ball, Kaylie Zhu, Brandon Yang, Hershel Mehta, Tony Duan, Daisy Ding, Aarti Bagul, Curtis P. Langlotz, Bhavik N. Patel, Kristen W. Yeom, Katie Shpanskaya, Francis G. Blankenberg, Jayne Seekins, Timothy J. Amrhein, David A. Mong, Safwan S. Halabi, Evan J. Zucker, Andrew Y. Ng, Matthew P. Lungren

Background

Chest radiograph interpretation is critical for the detection of thoracic diseases, including tuberculosis and lung cancer, which (altro…)

by Russell A. Ligon, Christopher D. Diaz, Janelle L. Morano, Jolyon Troscianko, Martin Stevens, Annalyse Moskeland, Timothy G. Laman, Edwin Scholes III

Ornaments used in courtship often vary wildly among species, reflecting the evolutionary interplay between mate preference functions and the constraints imposed by natural selection. Consequently, understanding the evolutionary dynamics responsible for ornament diversification has been a longstanding challenge in evolutionary biology. However, comparing radically different ornaments across species, as well (altro…)

by Joshua D. Wallach, Kevin W. Boyack, John P. A. Ioannidis

Currently, there is a growing interest in ensuring the transparency and reproducibility of the published scientific literature. According to a previous evaluation of 441 biomedical journals articles published in 2000–2014, the biomedical literature largely lacked transparency in important dimensions. Here, we surveyed a random sample of 149 biomedical articles published between 2015 and 2017 and determined the proportion reporting sources of (altro…)